H₂O abundance profiles in mass fraction, χ. These are calculated for HD 332231 b, for a range of atmospheric equilibrium temperatures, 825 ≤ T_eq ≤ 1100 K and metallicities, − 2 ≤[Fe/H] ≤ 2, with C/O fixed to the solar value of 0.55. These profiles, determined with FastChem, were subsequently used to calculate the models injected into the data, retrieval of which yields the detection space presented in Fig. 10.