Fig. 19

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Synthetic systems with final planetary masses most similar to the Trappist-1 system. The mass difference to the observed masses (Agol et al. 2021) are −0.17 M⊕, 0.14 M⊕, −0.15 M⊕, and 0.00 M⊕. Thin lines denote the evolution over time of individual planets. If they stop without ending in a colored dot, the corresponding embryo was ejected or accreted by a more massive planet. Despite closely matching in total mass, significant differences between systems are visible.
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