Measured rms Mach number as function of the input energy rate ė in 2D (blue) and 3D simulations (orange). Vertical error bars correspond to the standard deviation of the average over the time frame of ΔN_τconv = 10. The dashed lines reflect the scaling law in Eq. (10). Numbers given in the boxes correspond to energy boosting factors for the lowest and the three highest boostings. The green cross marks the Mach number of Ma ≈ 1.6 × 10⁻⁴ as predicted by MLT at the nominal energy generation rate in the original MESA model.