The unusual widespread solar energetic particle event on 2013 August 19 - Solar origin and particle longitudinal distribution

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Volume 653 (September 2021)

A&A, 653 (2021) A137

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Table 2.

Energetic particle timing results and shock height at the particle release times.

Spacecraft/Instrument/	Effective path length	Estimated	Shock height		θ_Bn at the
Particle species	or IMF length ^(a)	solar release time	from Sun centre		cobpoint
	(au)	(UT) ^(b)	(R_⊙) ^(c)		(deg) ^(d)
			Parker	ENLIL	Parker	ENLIL
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
STA/SEPT/HET ^(e)	3.55 ± 0.50 (VDA)	23:28 ± 15 min	6.0 ± 2.0	5.7 ± 2.0	22 ± 2	26 ± 3

STA/SEPT/ 65–105 keV e	1.14 ± 0.03 (TSA)	00:15 ± 10 min	9.5 ± 1.0	10.2 ± 1.0	19 ± 2	20 ± 2

STB/HET/0.7-1.4 MeV e	1.26 ± 0.03 (TSA)	02:57 ± 15 min	(27.5 ± 2.0) ^(f)	–	–	–

MESS/EPPS/71–112 keV e	0.31 ± 0.01 (TSA)	23:22 ± 5 min ^(g)	5.9 ± 0.6	5.1 ± 0.6	5 ± 1	8 ± 1

SOHO/EPHIN/0.25–0.70 MeV e	1.09 ± 0.03 (TSA)	00:58 ± 60 min	(15.6 ± 6.0) ^(f)	–	–	–

Notes.

^(a)

Magnetic field lines length for TSA analysis from ENLIL modelling.

^(b)

Solar release times late on 2013 August 19 and early on August 20, shifted by light propagation time to 1 au in order to compare with electromagnetic observations.

^(c)

CME-driven shock heliospheric height at the cobpoint (Sanahuja et al. 1995) for STEREO-A and MESSENGER (calculated for Parker spiral and ENLIL), and at the shock nose for STEREO-B and SOHO. The range of heights includes the uncertainty in the estimated SEP release time, as discussed in Lario et al. (2016).

^(d)

θ_Bn: The angle between the shock normal vector and the magnetic field lines at the cobpoint (estimated using Parker spiral and ENLIL, which are radially extended from 21.5 R_⊙). The given uncertainties are rounded to one degree. They are based on the shock height deviation due to the uncertainty in the particle release time (the fluctuations in the magnetic field lines, due to waves and turbulence, or in the shock front geometry are not considered).

^(e)

Energies used in VDA analysis: 0.065–2.8 MeV e & 13.6–60 MeV p.

^(f)

STEREO-B is not connected to the shock until later in time, and SOHO is never connected to the shock.

^(g)

MESSENGER was pointing in the anti-Sun direction, thus the solar release time should be interpreted as an upper limit.

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