Table A.1.
Solar inertial modes detected in HMI ring-diagram flow maps for 2010–2020.
| m | (j, s) | Mode frequency (a) | Significance (b) | Critical latitude (c) | Latitude at max ( ) |
max(uθ) | max(uϕ) | Linewidth | Excess power range |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [nHz] | at r = R⊙ | [multiples of 7.5°] | [m s−1] | [m s−1] | [nHz] | (not activity related) | |||
| Equatorial Rossby modes: | |||||||||
| 3 | (θ, +) | −269 (d) | > 8 σL | 59° | 0° | 1.5 | 1.2 | < 24 | [−280, −200] nHz |
| 4 | (θ, +) | −208 (d) | 7.5 σL | 45° | 0° | 1.6 | 1.1 | < 37 | [−250, −190] nHz |
| 5 | (θ, +) | −171 (d) | > 8 σL | 37° | 0° | 1.0 | – | < 12 | [−210, −150] nHz |
| 6 | (θ, +) | −147 (d) | 5.7 σL | 31° | 0° | 1.3 | – | < 24 | [−170, −125] nHz |
| 7 | (θ, +) | −130.7 ± 2.8 (d)(e) | > 8 σL | 25° | 7.5° | 1.5 | – | 9.9 ± 2.4 | [−175, −110] nHz |
| 8 | (θ, +) | −110.9 ± 2.4 (d)(e) | > 8 σL | 22° | 0° | 2.0 | – | 10.6 ± 1.0 | [−135, −65] nHz |
| 9 | (θ, +) | −122 (d) | > 8 σL | 22° | 0° | 1.1 | – | < 12 | [−135, −55] nHz |
| 10 | (θ, +) | −110 (d) | > 8 σL | 19° | 0° | 1.4 | – | < 24 | [−145, −70] nHz |
| High-latitude inertial modes: | |||||||||
| 1 | (ϕ, +) | −86 | > 8 σH | 58° | ≥67.5° | – | 2.5 | < 12 | [−110, −50] nHz |
| 1 | (ϕ, −) | −86.3 ± 1.6 (e)(f) | > 8 σH | 58° | ≥67.5° | 3.0 | 9.8 | 7.8 ± 0.2 | [−150, −10] nHz |
| 2 | (ϕ, +) | −171 (f) | > 8 σH | 58° | 60° | – | 2.3 | < 12 | [−195, −100] nHz |
| 2 | (ϕ, −) | −151.1 ± 4.3 (e)(f) | > 8 σH | 56° | ≥67.5° | 2.5 | 3.4 | 30.6 ± 3.3 | [−185, −90] nHz |
| 3 | (ϕ, +) | −224.7 ± 2.5 (e)(f) | > 8 σH | 53° | 60° | 1.6 | 1.8 | 9.7 ± 1.7 | [−265, −180] nHz |
| 4 | (θ, +) | −294 | 3.9 σH | 53° | ≥67.5° | 1.0 | 0.8 | < 12 | }[−310, −240] nHz |
| 4 | (θ, +) | −245 | 5.3 σH | 49° | 60° | 1.1 | 1.1 | < 24 | |
| 5 | (θ, −) | −343 | 5.3 σH | 52° | 60° | 0.7 | – | < 12 | }[−355, −275] nHz |
| 5 | (ϕ, +) | −282 | 2.6 σH | 47° | 52.5° | 0.8 | 0.8 | < 24 | |
| Critical-latitude inertial modes: | |||||||||
| 1 | (ϕ, +) | −37 | > 8 σM | 38° | 37.5° | – | 1.3 | < 24 (g) | |
| 1 | (ϕ, −) | −37 | 7.1 σM | 38° | 37.5° | 0.5 | 0.9 | < 12 (g) | |
| 1 | (ϕ, −) | −12 | > 8 σL | 20° | 30° | – | 1.2 | < 24 | |
| 2 | (ϕ, +) | −61 | 6.8 σM | 34° | 52.5° | – | 1.1 | < 24 | }[−65, 0] nHz |
| 2 | (ϕ, +) | −12 | > 8 σL | 10° | 22.5° | 0.9 | 1.1 | < 12 | |
| 2 | (ϕ, −) | −73 | > 8 σH | 38° | 45° | 0.8 | 1.3 | < 12 | }[−50, 30] nHz |
| 3 | (ϕ, −) | 0 | 6.6 σL | n/a | 15° | – | 1.0 | < 24 (g) | |
| 4 | (ϕ, +) | −220 | 4.3 σH | 46° | 45° | – | 0.5 | < 12 | |
| 4 | (ϕ, +) | −110 | 4.4 σM | 33° | 37.5° | – | 0.6 | < 12 | }[−120, 35] nHz |
| 4 | (ϕ, +) | −12 | 4.3 σL | n/a | 15° | 0.6 | 1.0 | < 12 (g) | |
| 4 | (ϕ, +) | 24 | 5.5 σL | n/a | 0° | – | 1.4 | < 24 | |
| 4 | (ϕ, −) | −171 | 3.4 σH | 41° | 45° | – | 0.6 | < 12 | |
| 4 | (ϕ, −) | −24 | > 8 σL | 10° | 22.5° | – | 1.0 | < 24 | }[−50, 30] nHz |
| 4 | (ϕ, −) | 24 | 5.9 σL | n/a | 7.5° | – | 1.0 | < 24 | |
| 5 | (ϕ, +) | −135 (h) | 3.7 σM | 32° | 37.5° | – | 0.8 | < 24 | |
| 5 | (ϕ, +) | −24 | 3.5 σL | 5° | 15° | – | 1.0 | < 24 (g) | |
| 5 | (θ, −) | 37 | 4.3 σL | n/a | 15° | 0.7 | – | < 24 | |
| 5 | (θ, +) | −330 | 2.3 σH | 51° | 60° | 0.7 | – | < 24 | }[−330, −190] nHz |
| 5 | (ϕ, −) | −294 | 2.1 σH | 48° | 52.5° | – | 0.7 | < 24 | |
| 5 | (ϕ, −) | −245 | 5.7 σH | 44° | 45° | – | 0.8 | < 12 | |
| 5 | (θ, +) | −86 | 4.0 σM | 25° | 37.5° | 0.7 | – | < 12 | |
| 6 | (θ, −) | −343 (h) | 2.1 σH | 47° | 60° | 0.5 | – | < 12 | |
| 6 | (ϕ, +) | −306 | 3.3 σH | 45° | 60° | – | 0.4 | < 12 | |
| 6 | (θ, −) | −61 | 2.0 σM | 18° | 30° | 0.6 | – | < 12 | |
| 6 | (ϕ, +) | −24 | 4.5 σM | n/a | 15° | – | 1.1 | < 12 | |
| 6 | (ϕ, −) | −245 (h) | 2.7 σH | 40° | 45° | – | 0.5 | < 12 | |
| 6 | (ϕ, −) | 37 | 2.5 σL | n/a | 7.5° | – | 0.7 | < 12 (g) | |
| 7 | (θ, −) | −196 | 2.4 σH | 33° | 45° | 0.7 | – | < 24 (g) | |
| 7 | (ϕ, +) | −86 | 3.6 σL | 20° | 22.5° | – | 0.6 | < 12 | |
| 7 | (θ, +) | −73 | 3.0 σM | 18° | 0° | 0.5 | – | < 12 | |
| 7 | (ϕ, −) | 0 | 3.6 σL | n/a | 22.5° | – | 0.7 | < 24 | |
| 9 | (ϕ, +) | 0 | 5.3 σL | n/a | 15° | 0.7 | 0.6 | < 12 | |
| 9 | (θ, +) | −269 | 2.5 σH | 34° | 45° | 0.5 | – | < 12 | |
| 10 | (θ, −) | −49 | 3.3 σM | 6° | 22.5° | 0.5 | – | < 12 | |
| 10 | (θ, +) | −282 | 2.9 σH | 33° | 45° | 0.3 | – | < 12 | |
Notes. Frequencies are defined in the Carrington frame.
The statistical significance of each peak is given in terms of the standard deviation computed for the most significant of the latitudinal averages shown in Figs. C.2–C.11 (σL for low latitudes, σM for mid latitudes, and σH for high latitudes).
Mode reported by Löptien et al. (2018).
Frequency near that reported by Hathaway & Upton (2021).
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