Fig. 8

Torque acting on planets in the disc that features a transition in the dust fragmentation velocity from 1 to 5 m s−1, α = 5 × 10−3, and a water abundance of 50% (Figs. 3 and 6a). The solid lines correspond to the disc that features the transition, and the dashed lines correspond to the disc that utilises the same disc parameters but has a constant dust fragmentation velocity of 5 m s−1. The black lines are the zero torque lines, and the green lines represent the pebble isolation mass. The grey line marks the water-ice line of the disc in the case of a transition in the dust fragmentation velocity to 5 m s−1.
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