Fig. 3

Aspect ratio (left) and gas surface density (right) as a function of the orbital distance from the star for different dust fragmentation velocity profiles. The dashed and dash-dotted lines mark the discs with a constant dust fragmentation velocity of 1 and 5 m s−1, respectively, while the solid line indicates the disc that features a transition in the dust fragmentation velocity between those values (Fig. 2). The water abundance is 50%, the dust-to-gas ratio is 1%, and the turbulence parameter is α = 5 × 10−3. We only show the region close to the water-ice line, which is marked by the grey band.
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