Distribution of cycle-averaged ⟨SN⟩ SNs along with fitted bimodal Gaussians. Panel A: SNs reconstructed here for 971–1900 (85 full cycles). The two curves are as follows: grand-minimum mode (magenta dashed line, mean m = 1, σ = 8) and normal mode (red dashed line m = 48, σ = 31). Orange bars correspond to the well-defined cycle q ≥ 4 (m = 49, σ = 36, 25 cycles). Panel B: ISN (v.2) SNs for 1750–2019 (24 full cycles), including two modes: a normal one (m = 64, σ = 16) and a grand-maximum one (m = 107, σ = 13).