Time evolution of the reconstructed SNs (black curve with ±1σ grey-shaded uncertainties) in comparison with other direct and indirect SN series. Panel B: final annual reconstruction, and Panel C: its zoom for the period after 1700. Panel A: smoothed (15-yr first SSA component) annual series in comparison with other similarly smoothed or decadal series. These series are as follows: ISN (v.2, SILSO), GSN^* (Hoyt & Schatten 1998), C17^* (Chatzistergos et al. 2017), as well as two recent reconstructions based on ¹⁴C – U16^* (Usoskin et al. 2016) and W18^* (Wu et al. 2018b) (the asterisk indicates that the series is scaled up by a factor of 1.667 to match the ISN v.2 definition). Blue arrows denote grand minima of solar activity: Oort (OM), Wolf (WM), Spörer(SM), Maunder (MM), and Dalton (DM) minima. The data are available at the CDS.