Table 1
Initial parameters for the simulation from Fig. 1 that leads to a 997.6 M⊕ gas giant planet for the ΣP ∝ r−2.1 distribution and a 281.7 M⊕ gas giant planet in the dynamical planetesimal formation run.
Symbol | Value | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Mdisk | 0.128 M⊙ | Total mass of the gas disk |
ain | 0.03 au | Inner planetesimal disk radius |
aout | 137 au | Exponential cutoff radius |
dg | 3.2 × 10−2 | Dust-to-gas ratio |
α | 1.0 × 10−3 | Turbulence parameter |
astart | 8.2 au | Embryo starting location |
Memb | 0.0123 M⊕ | Embryo starting mass |
Mwind | 2.87 × 10−5 M⊙ yr−1 | Photoevaporation rate |
Planetesimal formation parameters | ||
vfrag | 10 m s−1 | Fragmentation velocity (pebbles) |
ɛ∕d | 0.01 | Planetesimal formation efficiency |
ρs | 1.0 g cm−3 | Planetesimal solid density |
Stmin | 0 | Min Stokes number for planetesimal formation |
Stmax | ∞ | Max Stokes number for planetesimal formation |
Notes. The parameters for the planetesimal formation are the same for every simulation. The total mass in planetesimals within 10 au is given as 525 M⊕ in the ΣP∝ r−2.1 system, 327 M⊕ in the ΣP ∝ r−1.5 system, and 132 M⊕ in the ΣP ∝ r−0.9 system. The dynamical model leads to a total planetesimal mass within 10 au after one million years of 407 M⊕. The high planetesimal mass in the dynamical formation run is a result of the high initial dust mass that results from the metallicity (dust-to-gas ratio) and the high total gas mass of 0.128 M⊙. The efficiency for planetesimal formation ɛ is given low enough so that a large fraction of the outer mass can drift inward and contribute to planetesimal formation in the inner regions. A higher efficiency would lead to a lower mass within 10 au because most of the outer material would quickly be transformed into planetesimals outside and not contribute to substantial planetesimal formation in the inner region of the disk.
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