Fig. 2

Occurrence of CPDs as measured by the flatness parameter and Keplerianity of planetary envelopes of different masses. Simulation data are taken in steady state after a runtime of five orbits. The maximum value of vθ ∕vK is also indicated in order to monitor fluctuations along one orbit. While the Keplerian rotation fraction of the protoplanetary envelopes is rising quasi-linearly with mass, the flatness shows a sharp decrease at 120 m⊕ for both values of the constant opacities. This shows that the infall and accretion of angular momentum in the midplane follow a straightforward relation with the potential that they are accreted into. On the other hand, the vertical cooling responsible for the envelope flattening plays an independent role and prevents CPD formation at high opacity, even if the necessary potential depth is given.
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