A minimum Rayleigh number for the simulations may be estimated as , where Θ_e is the ambient state potential temperature, α = 9.64 × 10⁻⁹ s⁻¹, is the inverse of the Newtonian cooling time limiting the growing of perturbations of Θ, r_cz = 0.2 R_⋆ is the depth of the convection zone and ν = 10⁸ m² s⁻¹ is the maximum value of the numerical viscosity estimated by Strugarek et al. (2016), for EULAG-MHD simulations with a similar resolution.

Differential rotation parameter, ΔΩ/Ω_eq = (Ω_eq − Ω₄₅)/Ω_eq, where Ω_eq and Ω₄₅ are the angular velocities at 0° and 45° latitude, respectively.

⟨u_rms⟩ is the volume average of the turbulent velocity in the entire convection zone.

Rossby number is defined as Ro = P_rot/τ_c and computed with τ_c = αH_p/u_rms, where H_p is the pressure scale height, and it is measured at one pressure height scale above the bottom of the convective zone (Gilman 1980).

Toroidal and radial magnetic field averaged over longitude and time. The subscripts NSL and TAC correspond to r = 0.95 R_⋆ and r = 0.76 R_⋆, respectively.