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Fig. 2.

image

Comparison between sound horizon rd and Hubble constant H0 measured from Planck observations of the CMB (assuming a flat ΛCDM) and late-time observations (using flat model 3) obtained by calibrating SN and BAO measurements with three different absolute distance calibrations from: gravitational lensing (H0LiCOW), the cosmic distance ladder with Cepheids (SH0ES) or the TRGB (CCHP). For the late-time data, the contours show 1-, 2- and 5σ confidence regions of the posterior probability (the latter obtained by Gaussian extrapolation). The Planck constraints (1- and 2σ confidence regions) are obtained for the standard effective number of neutrinos (black solid line) and a model with a free effective number of neutrinos (black dashed lines, colour points).

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