Results of the ACE simulation described in Sect. 3.4. First row: h–k phase space distribution, second row: q–e distribution,and third row: corresponding geometrical optical thickness. Each column shows a different particle size range: ≈ 5 μm (β ≈ 0.43) on the left, ≈12 μm (β ≈ 0.18) in the middle, and ≈226 μm (β ≈ 0.009) on the right. Fourth row: thermal emission over all particle sizes (without applying any instrument function). The characteristic wavelengths shown, match the particle sizes from the plots above.