Detection of new strongly variable brown dwarfs in the L/T transition

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Table D.1.

Observations of known strong variables from various epochs.

ID	SpT	J − K_S	Epoch	Amplitude ^(a)	Period ^(b)	Δt	Instrument ^(c)	Ref.
	(NIR)	(mag)	(UT)	(%)	(h)	(h)
J0047+6803	L7	2.55	2016-01-09	1.08 ± 0.04	16.3 ± 0.2	18.7	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	23
			2016-06-06	8.0 ± 0.1 ^(d)	13.20 ± 0.14	8.3	HST/WFC3 G141 J	16
J0501−0010	L4	2.02	2014-11-11	2.0 ± 0.1	5	4.03	NTT/SofI J_S	24
			2016-10-19	> 1.0 ± 0.2	5	4.99	NTT/SofI J_S	24
J1010−0406	L6	1.89	2012-04-06	3.6 ± 0.4	3	3.08	NTT/SofI J_S	21
J1147−2040	L7	2.64	2017-04-17	1.60 ± 0.08	19.4	9.75	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	22
			2017-04-18	2.22 ± 0.09		9.75	Spitzer/IRAC 4.5	22
2M1207b	L5	1.57	2014-04-11	2.72 ± 0.23	10.7 ± 1.2	8.8	HST/WFC3 F125W	26
			2014-04-11	1.56 ± 0.22		8.8	HST/WFC3 F160W	26
J2114−2251	L7	1.97	2014-10-09	10 ± 1.3	10 ± 2	5.15	NTT/SofI J_S	24
			2014-11-09	4.8 ± 0.7	2.5	2.83	NTT/SofI J_S	24
			2014-11-10	2.2 ± 0.6	4	3.18	NTT/SofI K_S	24
			2016-08-09	4.8 ± 0.2	8.45 ± 0.05	9.12	NTT/SofI J_S	24
			2016-08-10	0.96 ± 0.08		9.65	NTT/SofI K_S	24
			2016-09-08	3.4 ± 0.1	8.6 ± 0.1	17.2	Spitzer/IRAC 4.5	5
			2016-09-08	5.8 ± 0.3		7.0	HST/WFC3 G141 J	5
J2244+2043	L6	2.45	2016-07-21	5.5 ± 0.6	4	4.1	UKIRT/WFCAM J	24
			2016-09-15	0.8 ± 0.2	11 ± 2	8.8	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	23

J0013−1143	T3 ^(e)	0.37	2018-09-28	4.6 ± 0.2	4	2.95	NOT/NOTCam J	1
J0138−0322	T3	1.06	2018-09-25	5.5 ± 1.2	4	4.07	NOT/NOTCam J	1
J0136+0933	T2.5	0.89	2008-09-21	4 − 6 ± 0.5	2.3895 ± 0.0005	7.4	OMM/CPAPIR J	3
			2008-12-13	5.4 ± 0.5		3.1	OMM/CPAPIR J	3
			2008-12-13	2.6 ± 0.5		1.9	OMM/CPAPIR K_S	3
			2009-07-31	2.9 ± 0.3	2	2.32	Du Pont/WIRC J	20
			2011-10-06	3.2 ± 0.4	...	3.15	NTT/SofI J_S	21
			2011-10-10	4.5 ± 0.1 ^(d)	2.39 ± 0.07	9.0	HST/WFC3 G141 J	2
			2013-09-28	1.3 ± 0.2 ^(d)	2.414 ± 0.078	10.05	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	25
			2013-09-28	5.5 ± 0.1 ^(d)		5.3	HST/WFC3 G141 J	25
			2015-11-10	4.0 ± 0.3 ^(d)	2.406 ± 0.008	8.82	Perkins/MIMIR J	10
			2015-11-12	< 1.0 ± 0.3 ^(d)		9.47	Perkins/MIMIR J	10
			2015-11-13	3.0 ± 0.3 ^(d)		8.82	Perkins/MIMIR J	10
			2018-07-31	4.4 ± 0.2	2.14 ± 0.05	2.72	NOT/NOTCam J	1
J0447−1216	T2	0.93	2016-10-18	4.5 ± 0.6	3	3.31	NTT/SofI J_S	24
			2017-12-08	...	...	4.29	UKIRT/WFCAM J	24
J0758+3247	T2 ^(e)	0.74	2009-12-26	4.8 ± 0.2	4.9 ± 0.2	2.9	Du Pont/WIRC J	20
			2010-03-10	< 0.9 ± 0.8	...	5.3	OMM/CPAPIR J	14
J1049−5319 B	T0.5	1.49	2013-03-20	11 ± 1 ^(d)	4.87 ± 0.01	7.9	TRAPPIST I + z	13
			2013-03-27	6 ± 1 ^(d)	...	8.2	TRAPPIST I + z	13
			2013-04-22	7 ± 0.5 ^(d)	...	3.2	MPG/GROND z′	4
			2013-04-22	< 3	...	3.2	MPG/GROND J	4
			2013-04-22	13 ± 2 ^(d)	...	3.2	MPG/GROND H	4
			2013-04-22	10 ± 2 ^(d)	...	3.2	MPG/GROND K	4
			2013-04-26	5 ± 1 ^(d)	5.05 ± 0.10	7.5	TRAPPIST I + z	8
			2013-04-26	∼7.5	...	0.75	IRTF/SpeX J	8
			2013-11-08	∼10	...	6.6	HST/WFC3 G141 J	7
			2013-11-08	∼9	...	6.6	HST/WFC3 G141 H	7
J1052+4422	T0.5 ^(f)	1.39	2010-03-12	2.2 ± 0.8	2.5	6.0	OMM/CPAPIR J	14
			2010-03-15	3.6 ± 0.8	3	5.0	OMM/CPAPIR J	14
Ross 458C	T8	-0.21	2012-09-04	< 1.37	...	13.8	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	18
			2012-09-04	< 0.72	...	6.9	Spitzer/IRAC 4.5	17
			2018-01-06	2.62 ± 0.02	6.75 ± 1.58	10	HST/WFC3 G141 J	17
J1324+6358	T2 ^(e)	1.54	2012-04-22	3.05 ± 0.15	13 ± 1	13.8	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	18
			2012-04-22	3.0 ± 0.3		6.9	Spitzer/IRAC 4.5	18
			2013-04-20	5 − 8 ± 0.2 ^(d)	...	54.4	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	25
			2014-04-19	4.7 ± 0.2 ^(d)	...	12.3	Spitzer/IRAC 4.5	25
			2014-04-20	7.3 ± 0.2 ^(d)	...	14.5	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	25
			2014-05-10	2 − 12 ± 0.2 ^(d)	...	55.3	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	25
J1516+3053	T0.5 ^(e)	1.61	2012-05-06	2.4 ± 0.2	6.7	13.4	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	18
			2012-05-06	3.1 ± 0.2		6.9	Spitzer/IRAC 4.5	18
J1629+0335	T2	1.25	2009-07-29	4.3 ± 2.4	6.9 ± 2.4	4.03	Du Pont/WIRC J	20
J2139+0220	T1.5 ^(e)	1.13	2009-08-02	9 ± 1.0	...	2.5	Du Pont/WIRC J	20
			2009-09-23	26 ± 1.0	7.721 ± 0.005	6.0	Du Pont/WIRC J	19
			2009-09-30	10.9 ± 1.1		4.8	Du Pont/WIRC J	18
			2009-09-30	9.2 ± 1.5		4.8	Du Pont/WIRC H	18
			2009-09-30	6.4 ± 2.0		4.8	Du Pont/WIRC K_S	18
			2010-10-21	27 ± 0.10	7.8 ± 0.1	9.0	HST/WFC3 G141 J	2
			2011-10-04	5.9 ± 0.4	...	3.3	NTT/SofI J_S	21
			2013-02-03	8 ± 0.2 ^(d)	7.614 ± 0.178	31.5	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	25
			2014-01-23	11 ± 0.2 ^(d)		31.5	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	25
			2014-02-09	4 ± 0.2 ^(d)		31.5	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	25
HN Peg B	T2.5	0.74	2012-01-29	0.77 ± 0.15	18 ± 4	13.8	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	18
			2012-01-29	1.11 ± 0.5		6.9	Spitzer/IRAC 4.5	18
			2016-07-11	...	...	5.0	UKIRT/WFCAM J	24
			2016-07-13	...	...	5.0	UKIRT/WFCAM J	24
			2017-05-16	2.56 ± 0.03	15.4 ± 0.5	8.5	HST/WFC3 G141 J	27
J2215+2110	T1 ^(e)	1.18	2017-10-13	10.7 ± 0.4	3.0 ± 0.2	2.4	NOT/NOTCam J	1
			2018-09-25	2.6 ± 0.2	5.2 ± 0.5	5.1	NOT/NOTCam J	1
J2228−4310	T6	0.36	2008-10-03	1.54 ± 0.14	1.43 ± 0.16	7.5	NTT/SofI J_S	9
			2009-08-01	1.6 ± 0.3	1.42 ± 0.03	5.73	Du Pont/WIRC J	20
			2011-07-07	1.85 ± 0.07	1.405 ± 0.005	9.6	HST/WFC3 G141 J	6
			2011-07-07	2.74 ± 0.11		9.6	HST/WFC3 G141 H	6
			2011-07-07	1.47 ± 0.14	1.38 ± 0.03	5.5	Spitzer/IRAC 4.5	6
			2012-08-14	4.6 ± 0.2	1.41 ± 0.01	13.8	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	18
			2012-08-14	1.51 ± 0.15		6.9	Spitzer/IRAC 4.5	18
			2013-07-20	4.7 ± 0.2 ^(d)	1.369 ± 0.032	7.95	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	25
			2013-07-20	2.00 ± 0.2 ^(d)		2.1	Spitzer/IRAC 4.5	25
			2013-07-20	2.1 ± 0.1 ^(d)		6.5	HST/WFC3 G141 J	25
			2013-07-27	4.2 ± 0.2 ^(d)		3.6	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	25
			2013-07-27	1.6 ± 0.1 ^(d)		5.2	HST/WFC3 G141 J	25
J2239+1617	T3	1.19	2018-09-27	5.8 ± 0.4	4	2.64	NOT/NOTCam J	1
J0855−0714	> Y2	...	2015-03-09	4 − 5 ± 0.2 ^(d)	5	11.5	Spitzer/IRAC 4.5	12
			2015-03-10	4 − 5 ± 0.4 ^(d)	5	11.5	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	12
J1405+5534	Y0.5	−0.55	2013-08-17	7.08 ± 0.09	8.54 ± 0.08	12.2	Spitzer/IRAC 4.5	11
			2013-08-17	7.2 ± 0.4	8.2 ± 0.3	12	Spitzer/IRAC 3.6	11
J1738+2732	Y0	−1.00	2013-06-30	3.0 ± 0.2 ^(d)	6.0 ± 0.1	12	Spitzer/IRAC 4.5	15

Notes. Catalogue of observations of known strong variable BDs over several epochs, listed in descending 2MASS ID (Jhh:mm±dd:mm) while sub-divided into L-, T- and Y- NIR spectral types. Catalogued BDs are also shown in the Colour (J − K_S) vs SpT diagram with proportional amplitudes in Fig. 7. Detailed information on colour and spectral type with references can be found in Tables 1 and 4, for new variables from this work and previously known variables respectively.

^(a)

“Peak-to-peak” or “peak-to-trough” amplitudes. For most observations with unconstrained periods, these should be considered minimum amplitudes as the full rotation period was not covered. Amplitudes in WFC3 G141 H are not always explicitly listed when accompanying J, as typically A_H/A_J ∼ 1, and can be found in the relevant reference if provided by the authors.

^(b)

As in Table 3, tabulated periods should be considered to be minimum periods unless well constrained from multiple epochs.

^(c)

Filter bandpasses for listed instruments in μm. CPAPIR: λ_J = 1.25 (1.17 − 1.33) and λ_{K_S} = 2.15 (2.02 − 2.30); GROND: λ_z′ = 0.89 (0.81 − 1.06), λ_J = 1.23 (1.10 − 1.40), λ_H = 1.63 (1.50 − 1.80) and λ_K = 2.16 (1.99 − 2.35); IRAC: λ_3.6 = 3.18 − 3.93 (Channel 1) and λ_4.5 = 3.99 − 5.00 (Channel 2); MIMIR: λ_J = 1.25 (1.17 − 1.34); NOTCam: λ_J = 1.24 (1.17 − 1.33); SofI: λ_{J_S} = 1.24 (1.17 − 1.32) and λ_{K_S} = 2.15 (2.02 − 2.30); SpeX: λ_J = 1.00 − 1.30; TRAPPIST: λ_I + z = 0.91 (0.75 − 1.10); WFCAM: λ_J = 1.25 (1.17 − 1.33); WFC3 G141: λ_J = 1.21 − 1.32 (narrow J) and λ_H = 1.54 − 1.60 (narrow H); WIRC: λ_J = 1.24 (1.14 − 1.33).

^(d)

1σ amplitude uncertainty estimated from reference, or for observations done using HST or Spitzer the uncertainty (±0.1% and ±0.2% respectively) is taken from an average of tabulated uncertainties.

^(e),(f)

Possible binary or resolved binary respectively, as tabulated in Tables 1 and 4.

References. (1) This work; (2) Apai et al. (2013); (3) Artigau et al. (2009); (4) Biller et al. (2013); (5) Biller et al. (2018); (6) Buenzli et al. (2012); (7) Buenzli et al. (2015); (8) Burgasser et al. (2014); (9) Clarke et al. (2008); (10) Croll et al. (2016); (11) Cushing et al. (2016); (12) Esplin et al. (2016); (13) Gillon et al. (2013); (14) Girardin et al. (2013); (15) Leggett et al. (2016); (16) Lew et al. (2016); (17) Manjavacas et al. (2019b); (18) Metchev et al. (2015); (19) Radigan et al. (2012); (20) Radigan et al. (2014); (21) Radigan (2014); (22) Schneider et al. (2018); (23) Vos et al. (2018); (24) Vos et al. (2019); (25) Yang et al. (2016); (26) Zhou et al. (2016); (27) Zhou et al. (2018).

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