High-energy ion impacts into the sulfur-bearing ice surface of Europa: an atomistic study of chemical transformations

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Volume 625 (May 2019)

A&A, 625 (2019) A140

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Table 1

Molecular species in the surface of Europa assumed in our simulation and mainly based on Carlson et al. (2009).

Sum formula	m (u)	N	N∕N_water	Structure/remark
With C

CO	28	68	250 ppm	Carbon monoxide
CO₂	44	99	365 ppm	Carbon dioxide
CN	26	27	<100 ppm	Cyanide
CH₂	14	407	0.15%	Methylene
CH₂O	30	678	0.25%	Formaldehyde
CH₂O₃	62	2	<8 ppm	Carbonic acid

S and others

Cl	35.5	1086	0.4%	Chlorine
Na	23.0	56345	20.8%	Na
SO₂	64.1	1386	0.5%	Sulfur dioxide
SO₄	96.1	27153	10%	Sulfate
H₂S	34.1	55	200 ppm	Hydrogen sulfide

With N

NH₃	17	27	<100 ppm	Ammonia

With OH

H₂O	18	271533	reference	Water
O₂	32	7711	2.8%	Oxygen molecules
H₂O₂	34	357	0.1%	Hydrogen peroxide

Notes. N: absolute number of molecules put into the simulation target before relaxation; N∕N_water: number of molecules relative to the number of water molecules, N_water. The table is ordered in groups containing carbon, sulfur, nitrogen and hydrogen and oxygen.

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