Table 4.
Detections and upper limits of sulfur species in interstellar clouds.
| Species | Frac. abund. | Env. (a) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| HS | 4 × 10−9 | Diffuse | (1) |
| HS+ | ≤4 × 10−9 | Diffuse | (2) |
| H2S | ∼10−9 | Diffuse | (1) |
| 6 × 10−9 | Transl. | (3) | |
| 7 × 10−10 | Dense | (4) | |
| CS | ≤10−9 | Diffuse | (1) |
| 4 × 10−9 | Transl. | (6) | |
| 6.5 × 10−9 | Dense | (7) | |
| HCS+ | 2 × 10−10 | Transl. | (6) |
| 2.5 × 10−10 | Dense | (7) | |
| H2CS | ≤3 × 10−9 | Transl. | (3) |
| 2.6 × 10−9 | Dense | (7) | |
| C2S | n/a | Diffuse | |
| ≤10−9 | Transl. | (9) | |
| 5 × 10−9 | Dense | (7) | |
| NS | 4 × 10−10 | Dense | (10) |
| SO | ≤5 × 10−10 | Diffuse | (1) |
| 4 × 10−8 | Transl. | (11) | |
| ∼10−8 | Dense | (12) | |
| SO+ | ∼10−9 | Transl. | (3) |
| SO2 | n/a | Diffuse | |
| <10−9 | Transl. | (11) | |
| ∼10−10 | Dense | (13) | |
| OCS | n/a | Diffuse | |
| ∼10−9 | Transl. | (3) | |
| ∼10−9 | Dense | (14) |
Notes.
The environments are classified accordingly: “Diffuse”, “Transl.”, and “Dense” refer to diffuse (Av ≤ 1), translucent (1 ≲ Av ≲ 2), and dense (Av > 5) interstellar clouds, respectively.
References. (1) Neufeld et al. (2015); (2) Neufeld et al. (2012); (3) Turner (1996a); (4) Minh et al. (1989); (5) Crockett et al. (2014); (6) Turner (1996b); (7) Gratier et al. (2016); (8) Minh et al. (2011); (9) Turner et al. (1998); (10) McGonagle et al. (1994); (11) Turner (1995a); (12) Lique et al. (2006); (13) Cernicharo et al. (2011); (14) Matthews et al. (1987).
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