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Fig. 11

image

Migration torque of a protoplanet with given radial distance to the central star rP and mass MP, in a protoplanetary disk after 200 000 yr of evolution. Black contours (zero-torque contour) delimit the outward migration conditions while the rest of the migration map shows inward migration. Planetary traps are located at the outer edges of the blackcontours while planetary deserts are at their inner edges. The yellow dotted line marks the water ice line and the white area verifies the criterion from Eq. (13).

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