CO PD frequency at the top of the atmosphere (panel A), the SZA at periapsis (panel B), the CO density (panel C), the production rate of nascent escaping C atoms (panel D), the atmospheric mass density (panel E, including only CO₂ and O for simplicity), the C escape probability (panel F), as well as the C escape rate (panel G), all as a function of the MAVEN orbit number. The yellow crosses in panel F show the orbit-to-orbit variability in the altitude of peak production. The entire duration of the available dataset is divided into six nearly consecutive sampling periods with SZA below 110°, marked as P1 to P6 at the top of the figure.