Spatio-temporal structure of the first linear eigenmodes obtained with the updated Babcock–Leighton model (Cameron & Schüssler 2017a). Shown are latitude-time diagrams of the azimuthally averaged radial surface field (left panels) and the radially integrated toroidal flux (right panels). The three modes shown are an excited oscillatory dipolar mode (top panels), a damped oscillatory quadrupolar mode (middle panels) and a damped stationary quadrupolar mode (bottom panels). The quantities are normalised to their individual maxima in all cases.