Origin of warm and hot gas emission from low-mass protostars: Herschel-HIFI observations of CO J = 16–15 - I. Line profiles, physical conditions, and H2O abundance

Free Access

Table 1

Characteristics of distinct kinematical and excitation components seen in high-J CO emission.

Instrument	Component^a	Characteristics^b	Possible origin^c	References

HIFI	Broad	FWHM ≳ 10–15 km s^-1	Outflow cavity shocks	1, 2, 3
		ν~ ν_source	MHD disk wind	4, 5
	Offset	FWHM ~ 5–40 km s^-1	Spot shock (irradiated)	1, 2, 3, 6, 7
		\| ν− ν_source \| > 1 km s^-1	EHV bullets	2, 3
PACS	Warm	T_rot ~ 300 K	UV-heated outflow cavity walls	8, 9, 10
		14 <J_up< 24	Warm shock	11, 12, 13
	Hot	T_rot ~ 600–800 K	C-type shock (irradiated)	8, 9, 14
		24 <J_up< 39	Single shock connecting with warm component	15, 16, 17

Notes.

^(a)

These components will henceforth be referred to as the broad, offset, warm, and hot components.

^(b)

Defining observed characteristics; defining observed characteristics are from Mottram et al. (2014) for the HIFI components, and Karska et al. (2013) for the PACS components.

^(c)

Physical origin as proposed in the cited references.

Reference. (1) Kristensen et al. (2010); (2) Kristensen et al. (2012); (3) Mottram et al. (2014); (4) Panoglou et al. (2012); (5) Yvart et al. (2016); (6) Kristensen et al. (2013); (7) Benz et al. (2016); (8) van Kempen et al. (2010); (9) Visser et al. (2012); (10) Lee et al. (2014); (11) Herczeg et al. (2012); (12) Goicoechea et al. (2012); (13) Karska et al. (2013); (14) Karska et al. (2014); (15) Neufeld (2012); (16) Manoj et al. (2013); (17) Green et al. (2013).

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.