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Table 1

Observers used in this work.

Observer # Tobs Tcal N f(%) ADF(%) SS(msd)
RGO∗ 332 1874–1976 1900–1976 28 124 100 86 0
SEL† 459 1977–1995 1977–1995 6922 100 94 <0
Rome Obs.† 454 1958–1989 1958–1976 4758 69 89
NAOJ† 447 1949–1993 1954–1976 6243 74 89 <0
Cragg† 736 1947–2009 1954–1976 7015 84 87
Koyama 445 1947–1996 1953–1976 4727 54 88
Protitch† 438 1936–1954 1936–1954 3357 48 91
Madrid Obs.† 435 1935–1986 1935–1976 10 049 66 86
Brunner† 428 1926–1944 1926–1944 4901 71 88
Luft† 464 1924–1988 1924–1976 7536 39 87
Guillaume† 386 1902–1925 1902–1925 6340 72 79
Broger† 370 1896–1935 1900–1935 8600 65 78
Quimby 352 1889–1921 1900–1921 7428 92 73
Winkler 341 1882–1910 1889–1910 4813 60 75
Wolfer 338 1880–1928 1900–1928 7165 68 77
Tacchini 328 1871–1900 1879–1900 6256 78 82
Leppig 324 1867–1881 1867–1880 2463 48 73
Spoerer 318 1861–1893 1865–1893 5409 51 86
Weber 311 1859–1883 1859–1883 6983 76 81
Wolf 298 1848–1893 1860–1893 8122 65 77
Shea 295 1847–1866 1847–1866 5538 76 80
Schmidt 292 1841–1883 1841–1883 6970 44 79
Schwabe 279 1825–1866 1832–1866 8297 65 86
Pastorff 263 1819–1833 1824–1833 1462 40 87
Derfflinger 246 1802–1824 1816–1824 374 11 69
Herschel 236 1794–1818 1795–1810 372 5 84
Horrebow 180 1761–1776 1766–1776 1365 34 74
Schubert 178 1754–1758 1754–1757 446 31 59
Staudachera 466 1749–1799 – – 10 – –

Notes. The columns are: the name of the observer; observer’s ID number # in the V16 database; total period of observations Tobs (as shown in Fig. 1); period used for calibration Tcal; the number of observational days during the calibration period N; the filling factor f during the calibration period; the fraction of active days, ADF, during the calibration period; estimate of the observational threshold SS (in msd) along with the 68% confidence interval.

(∗)

reference dataset;

(†)

new with respect to Usoskin et al. (2016b);

(a)

calibrated indirectly (see Sect. 3.4).

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