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Table 4

Summary of the different models for cosmic rays, and their results presented in this work.

Model Reference Reference Cut-off rigidities (GV) Composition at: Extra-galactic Predicted ⟨ lnA between the second knee


Second Extra-galactic sections figures First Second 108 GeV, contribution at and the ankle
Galactic component Galactic Galactic 109 GeV (108,109) GeV
component component component (p, He, CNO, Fe)

GW-CRs EG-RSB93 3.1 and 4 5, 7 and 8 3.0 × 106 9.5 × 107 (20%,32%,12%,24%), (4%,30%) Good agreement with TUNKA (QGSJET)
(32%,2%,18%,30%) and LOFAR/Yakutsk (EPOS-LHC) data,
but strong disagreement with Auger data
WR-CRs EG-RSB93 3.2 and 4 6 8 4.1 × 106 1.8 × 108 (6%,51%,14%,24%), (6%,50%) Moderate agreement with LOFAR and
(C/He = 0.1) (48%,25%,26%,0%) Yakutsk (QGSJET) data, and excellent
agreement with Auger (EPOS-LHC) data
WR-CRs EG-RSB93 3.2 and 4 6 8 4.1 × 106 1.3 × 108 (6%,34%,30%,24%), (5%,45%) Good agreement with LOFAR (QGSJET)
(C/He = 0.4) (44%,6%,49%,0%) data, and moderate agreement with Yakutsk
(QGSJET) and Auger (EPOS-LHC) data
WR-CRs EG-Minimal 5 and B B.1 B.3 4.1 × 106 2.4 × 108 (0%,57%,14%,24%), (0%,16%) Excellent agreement with LOFAR
(C/He = 0.1) (15%,51%,35%,0%) (QGSJET) and moderate agreement
with TUNKA/Yakutsk (QGSJET) data,
but strong disagreement with Auger data
WR-CRs EG-PCS 5 and B B.1 B.3 4.1 × 106 1.5 × 108 (6%,52%,13%,24%), (10%,66%) Moderate agreement with LOFAR and
(C/He = 0.1) (25%,53%,21%,0%) Yakutsk (QGSJET) data, and good
agreement with Auger (EPOS-LHC) data
WR-CRs EG-UFA 5 and B B.1 B.3 4.1 × 106 1.6 × 108 (4%,52%,14%,24%), (3%,58%) Moderate agreement with LOFAR
(C/He = 0.1) (49%,25%,25%,0%) (QGSJET) data, and excellent agreement
with Auger (EPOS-LHC) data
WR-CRs EG-Minimal 5 9 11 4.1 × 106 1.7 × 108 (0%,38%,32%,24%), (0%,15%) Good agreement with TUNKA (QGSJET)
(C/He = 0.4) (14%,15%,69%,0%) and LOFAR (EPOS-LHC) data, and
moderate agreement with Yakutsk data,
but strong disagreement with Auger data
WR-CRs EG-PCS 5 9 11 4.1 × 106 1.1 × 108 (6%,36%,29%,24%), (10%,62%) Moderate agreement with LOFAR/Yakutsk
(C/He = 0.4) (24%,42%,35%,0%) (QGSJET) and Auger (EPOS-LHC) data
WR-CRs EG-UFA 5 9 11 4.1 × 106 1.1 × 108 (3%,35%,32%,24%), (3%,55%) Moderate agreement with LOFAR/Yakutsk
(C/He = 0.4) (47%,10%,41%,0%) (QGSJET) data, and good agreement with
Auger (EPOS-LHC) data

Notes. In all the models, the Galactic contribution consists of two components: the first component which is produced by regular supernova explosions in the Galaxy (SNR-CRs), and the second component which is considered to be produced either by cosmic-ray re-acceleration by Galactic wind termination shocks (GW-CRs) or by explosions of Wolf-Rayet stars in the Galaxy (WR-CRs). The source spectral indices for the second Galactic component in all the models are assumed to be the same as for the SNR-CRs (see Table 1). For the extra-galactic component, the different models considered are: (a) sources with strong cosmological evolution like strong radio galaxies (EG-RSB93); (b) extra-galactic contribution mainly above the ankle irrespective of the nature of the sources (EG-Minimal); (c) significant photo-disintigration of cosmic-rays in a source region with high photon density (EG-UFA); and (d) cosmic rays accelerated by accretion shocks in clusters of galaxies (EG-PCS). The all-particle spectra predicted by the different combinations of the Galactic and extra-galactic components are quite similar, and show good agreement with the measured spectrum. On the other hand, although the ⟨ lnA predicted by the different models are almost within the range of the different measurements compiled by Kampert & Unger (2012), they show distinctive differences especially in the energy range between the second knee and the ankle. For the model using GW-CRs, the predicted ⟨ lnA also show deviation from the prediction of other models between ~ 107 and 108 GeV. The comments on ⟨ lnA given in the table are with respect to the measurements from TUNKA (Berezhnev et al. 2013), LOFAR (Buitink et al. 2016), Yakutsk (Knurenko & Sabourov 2010), and the Pierre Auger Observatory (Porcelli et al. 2015) between the second knee and the ankle. QGSJET in the table refers to the QGSJET-II-04 model.

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