Top: measured dipole modulation (L = 1) power in non-overlapping CMB multipole bins for Commander (red), NILC (orange), SEVEM (green), and SMICA (blue) as determined from a BipoSH analysis of the data. The power in the dipole of the modulation field is a χ²-distributed variable with 3 degrees of freedom. The shaded regions in the plot depict, in dark-grey, grey, and light-grey respectively, the 1, 2, and 3σ equivalent intervals of the distribution function derived from simulations, while the solid black line denotes its median. Significant power in the dipole modulation is seen to be limited to ℓ = 2–64 and does not extend to higher multipoles. Bottom: dipole modulation direction as determined from the SMICA map. The directions found from the other component separation maps are consistent with this analysis. The coloured circles denote the central value of the multipole bin used in the analysis, as specified in the colour bar. The low-ℓ and WMAP-9 directions are identical to those in Fig. 35.