a) Fitted temperature of region-averaged spectra as described in Sect. 4.2 plotted against the HiGal fitted dust temperature. As in Fig. 9, the blue symbols are compact “clump” sources and the red symbols are large-area square regions. The black dashed line shows the T_G = T_D relation. Nearly all of the data points fall above this relation, and very few are consistent with it at the 3σ level. b) Same as a) but for the dendrogram-extracted sources, showing a similar discrepancy between dust and gas temperature. The points are color coded by signal-to-noise in the ratio R₁, with gray S/N< 5, blue 5 <S/N< 25, green 25 <S/N< 50, and red S/N> 50.