Table 2
Transient surveys in the optical and X-ray bands.
| Survey | FOV | Cadence | Flim | Coverage | Lifetime | ROA | ⟨ T ⟩ | # OA |
| (deg2) | (mJy) | (deg2 night-1) | days | (deg-2 yr-1) | days | yr-1 | ||
|
|
||||||||
| PTF | 7.8 | 1m–5d | 1.17 × 10-2 | 1000 | 1.5 × 10-3 | 1[0.2–3.8] | 1.5 | |
| ROTSE–II | 3.4 | 1d | 1.17 × 10-1 | 450 | 5.2 × 10-4 | 0.4[0.1–1.7] | 0.1 | |
| CIDA–QUEST | 5.4 | 2d–1yr | 4.60 × 10-2 | 276 | 8.0 × 10-4 | 0.5[0.1–2.3] | 0.1 | |
| Palomar–Quest | 9.4 | 0.5h–1d | 1.17 × 10-2 | 500 | 2003–2008 | 1.5 × 10-3 | 1[0.2–3.8] | 0.8 |
| SDSS–II SS | 1.5 | 2d | 2.68 × 10-3 | 150 | 2005–2008 | 3.2 × 10-3 | 1.6[0.4–6.3] | 0.8 |
| Catilina | 2.5 | 10m–1yr | 4.60 × 10-2 | 1200 | 8.0 × 10-4 | 0.6[0.1–2.4] | 0.6 | |
| SLS | 1.0 | 3d–5yr | 5.60 × 10-4 | 2 | 2003–2008 | 5.2 × 10-3 | 2.8[0.8–11] | 0.03 |
| SkyMapper | 5.7 | 0.2d–1yr | 7.39 × 10-2 | 1000 | 2009–... | 6.4 × 10-4 | 0.5[0.2–2.0] | 0.3 |
| Pan–STARRS1 | 7.0 | 3d | 7.39 × 10-3 | 6000 | 2009–... | 2.0 × 10-3 | 1[0.3–4.4] | 12 |
| LSST | 9.6 | 3d | 4.66 × 10-4 | 3300 | 2022–... | 5.1 × 10-3 | 3[0.8–11] | 50 |
| Gaia | 0.5 × 2 | 20d | 3.00 × 10-2 | 2000 | 2014–2019 | 10-3 | 1[0.5–5] | 2 |
| ZTF * | 42.0 | 1d | 2.00 × 10-2 | 22 500 | 2017–... | 1.1 × 10-3 | 0.8[0.4–4.8] | 20 |
|
|
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| RASS | 3.1 | ... | 4.00 × 10-5 | 12 000 | 6 months | 8.0 × 10-4 | 1[0.3–4.4] | 10 |
| eROSITA | 0.8 | 6 months | 2.00 × 10-6 | 4320* | 4 years | 3.0 × 10-3 | 2[0.5–6.5] | 26 |
Notes. Ongoing and future surveys are marked in boldface. Parameters of the optical surveys, field of view (FOV), cadence, limiting flux Flim, coverage and lifetime are from the compilation of Rau et al. (2009). The rate of orphan afterglow ROA above the survey limiting flux is obtained through the flux density distribution reported in Fig. 2. The average OA duration above this flux limit ⟨ T ⟩ is derived from Fig. 3 and from the parameters of the linear fits reported in Table 1 (minimum and maximum durations are shown in brackets). The last column shows the number of OAs per year detectable by the reported surveys. For the X-ray the sky coverage is intended for 24 h.
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