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Table 2
Efficiency components of typical echelle spectrographs visible in flat-fields.
| Amplitude scale | Size scale | Source | |
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| ε pixel | 1–4% | 1 pix | pixel efficiency, pixel size, and quantum efficiency (CCD) |
| ε fringe | 0–20% | 20 pix | fringing, interference pattern |
| ε blaze | 0–100% | 500 pix | blaze function (echelle grating) |
| ε λ | 0–100% | orders | wavelength-dependent efficiency of spectrograph and detector |
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