Comparison between the 3D MURaM simulations with 1D MLT models. The dashed curves represent results from a 1D MLT model atmosphere and the solid curves represent the averaged simulation results. Left: profile of temperature (3D: averaged on iso-p surfaces). Right: average vertical velocity, weighted by density (3D: averaged on iso-z surfaces; 1D: convective velocity). In the 1D models, the mixing-length parameter α was set to 1.5, 1.7, and 2.0 for F3V, G2V, and M0V, respectively.