How realistic are solar model atmospheres? | Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)

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Table 2

Estimated effective temperature differences between the models and observations.

	ΔT_eff [K]
Model	Hα		Hβ		Paβ	Paγ		⟨ ΔT_eff ⟩^*	^†
	Flux	I(μ = 1)	Flux	I(μ = 1)	Flux	Flux	I(μ = 1)	[K]

3D model	−50	−53	10	11	66	41	25	7	1.0
3D MHD model	−37	−21	29	49	105	69	66	37	1.1
⟨3D⟩ model	18	−1	153	136	120	114	69	87	2.1
1D Holweger & Müller	−10	7	174	196	126	106	82	97	2.5
1D MARCS	−98	−156	−9	−30	−17	−7	−74	-56	2.3
1D PHOENIX LTE	−75	−115	50	81	53	28	−6	2	3.7
1D PHOENIX NLTE	−77	−128	37	59	36	14	−27	-12	3.7

Notes.

^(*)

⟨ ΔT_eff ⟩ denotes the simple mean of the seven ΔT_eff values.

^(†)

The χ² value is the sum of the individual reduced χ², normalised by the 3D model results.

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