An atmospheric radiation model for Cerro Paranal - I. The optical spectral range

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Table 1

Sky model parameters for optical wavelength range.

Parameter^a	Description	Unit	Range	Default^b	Demo run^c	Section

90° − z₀	altitude of target above the horizon	deg	[0, 90]	90.	85.1	2−4
α	separation of Sun and Moon as seen from Earth	deg	[0, 180]	0.	77.9	3.1
ρ	separation of Moon and target	deg	[0, 180]	180.	51.3	3.1
90° − z_moon	altitude of Moon above the horizon	deg	[–90, 90]	–90.	41.3	3.1
d _moon	relative distance to Moon (mean = 1)	–	[0.945, 1.055]	1.	1.^d	3.1
λ − λ_⊙	heliocentric ecliptic longitude of target	deg	[–180, 180]	135.	–124.5	3.3
β	ecliptic latitude of target	deg	[–90, 90]	90.	–31.6	3.3
S_10.7 cm	monthly-averaged solar radio flux at 10.7 cm	sfu^e	≥ 0	130.	205.5	4.2 − 4.4
P _season	bimonthly period (1: Dec./Jan., ..., 6: Oct./Nov.; 0: entire year)	–	[0, 6]	0	4	2.1, 4.3, 4.4
P _time	period of the night (x/3 of night, x = 1, 2, 3; 0: entire night)	–	[0, 3]	0	3	4.3, 4.4
vac/air	vacuum or air wavelengths	–	vac/air	vac	air	2.1, 4.3, 4.4

Notes.

^(a)

We neglect temperature and emissivity of telescope and instrument, because these parameters are irrelevant for the optical spectral range.

^(b)

Used for Table 5.

^(c)

Used for Figs. 1, 6, 13, and 17.

^(d)

Fixed to default value because of its minor importance (see also Sect. 3.1).

^(e)

1 sfu = 0.01 MJy.

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