Table 3
Properties of extragalactic 22 GHz H2O kilomasers and their potential association with AGN, SNR, or Hiiregions.
| Source | Distancea | L H2Oa | Associationb | Notes | References |
| (Mpc) | L ⊙ | ||||
|
|
|||||
| IC 10–NW | 1.2 | 0.02 | SF | Molecular cloud | (Becker et al. 1993) |
| IC 10–SE | 0.15 | SF | Hiiregion | (Becker et al. 1993) | |
| NGC 253 H2O–1 | 3.0 | 0.15 | SF | SNR | (Hofner et al. 2006; Brunthaler et al. 2009) |
| NGC 253 H2O–2 | 0.02 | SF | Star-forming region | (Henkel et al. 2004) | |
| NGC 520 | 30.0 | 1.00 | SF(?) | SNR | (Castangia et al. 2008) |
| M 33-IC 133 | 0.7 | 0.32 | SF | Hiiregion | (Churchwell et al. 1977) |
| M 33-19 | 0.03 | SF | Hiiregion | (Huchtmeier et al. 1978) | |
| M 33-50 | 0.02 | SF | Hiiregion | (Huchtmeier et al. 1980; Brunthaler et al. 2006) | |
| NGC 1106 | 57.8 | 8.0 | ? | (Braatz & Gugliucci 2008) | |
| IC 342 | 2.0 | 0.01 | SF | Star-forming region | (Tarchi et al. 2002b) |
| NGC 2146–A | 14.5 | 0.50 | SF | UCHiiregion | (Tarchi et al. 2002a) |
| NGC 2146–B | 1.20 | SF | UCHiiregion | (Tarchi et al. 2002a) | |
| NGC 2273 | 24.5 | 7.00 | AGN(?) | Compton-thick | (Zhang et al. 2006) |
| He 2-10 | 10.5 | 0.68 | SF(?) | (Darling et al. 2008) | |
| M 82-NE | 3.7 | 0.02 | SF | Hiiregions | (Hagiwara 2007) |
| M 82-SW | 3.7 | 0.10 | SF | Hiiregions | (Hagiwara 2007) |
| NGC 3256–N | 37.4 | 1.00 | SF | (Surcis et al. 2009) | |
| NGC 3256–S | 2.40 | SF | (Surcis et al. 2009) | ||
| NGC 3359 | 13.5 | 0.7 | SF(?) | (Braatz & Gugliucci 2008) | |
| NGC 3556 | 12.0 | 1.00 | SF | SNR | present work |
| NGC 3620 | 22.4 | 2.10 | SF(?) | (Surcis et al. 2009) | |
| Arp 299–A | 42.0 | 7.9 | SF(?) | present work | |
| Arp 299–C’ | 3.4 | SF | present work | ||
| Antennae | 20.0 | 8.2 | SF(?) | (Darling et al. 2008) | |
| NGC 4051 | 10.0 | 2.00 | AGN(?) | (Hagiwara et al. 2003) | |
| NGC 4151 | 13.5 | 0.63 | AGN(?) | (Braatz et al. 2004; present work) | |
| NGC 4214 | 2.9 | 0.028 | SF(?) | (Darling et al. 2008) | |
| NGC 4293 | 11.9 | 1.26–5.01 | AGN(?) | jet(?) | (Kondratko et al. 2006) |
| NGC 4527 | 23.1 | 4.0 | (?) | (Braatz & Gugliucci 2008) | |
| M 51 | 10.0 | 0.63 | AGN | Radio jet | (Hagiwara et al. 2001b) |
| NGC 5253 | 3.3 | 0.021 | SF(?) | (Darling et al. 2008) | |
| NGC 6300 | 15.0 | 3.16 | ? | (Greenhill et al. 2003) | |
Notes.
The isotropic luminosity is that of individual maser spots when the emission is spatially resolved. Otherwise, the full luminosity is taken from a single-dish measurement. For the sources not studied in the present work, distances and luminosities are taken from HPT.
The reported labels identify the maser association: “SF” and “AGN” indicate that interferometric measurements have confidently associated the maser emission with either star formation activity or an active galactic nucleus. A “?” sign is added to the favourite option, if there exist still some doubts. For unexplored sources, only a “?” sign is given.
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