| Issue |
A&A
Volume 711, July 2026
Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Article Number | A16 | |
| Number of page(s) | 25 | |
| Section | Catalogs and data | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202554616 | |
| Published online | 30 June 2026 | |
Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)
XVI. Optical and near-infrared identification and classification of point-like X-ray selected sources
1
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
2
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
3
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
4
Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
5
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
6
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
7
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
8
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
9
School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
10
Department of Mathematics and Physics, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy
11
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
12
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
13
Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
14
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
15
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
16
ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
17
School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
18
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
19
Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
20
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy
21
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
22
INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy
23
SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy
24
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
25
INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
26
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
27
Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
28
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
29
INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
30
Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
31
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal
32
Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, Portugal
33
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
34
INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
35
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy
36
European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
37
Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
38
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
39
INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
40
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
41
Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
42
Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
43
INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
44
Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
45
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
46
Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
47
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
48
European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
49
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
50
Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
51
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
52
UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
53
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
54
Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
55
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
56
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
57
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy
58
INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
59
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
60
Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
61
INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
62
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
63
Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre, 5071 W. Saanich Rd. Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada
64
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
65
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
66
Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
67
Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany
68
Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
69
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark
70
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
71
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
72
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
73
Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
74
Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
75
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
76
Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
77
Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
78
Laboratoire d’etude de l’Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France
79
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
80
SKA Observatory, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9FT, UK
81
Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
82
INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
83
University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Computer Science, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
84
Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
85
INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy
86
Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
87
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
88
Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France
89
CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binétruy, IRL2007, CPB-IN2P3, Berkeley, USA
90
University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
91
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
92
Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
93
Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
94
Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
95
School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
96
DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
97
Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
98
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
99
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
100
Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
101
Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Mȃagurele, Ilfov 077125, Romania
102
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Calle Serrano 117, 28006 Madrid, Spain
103
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
104
Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
105
Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
106
Université St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
107
Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
108
Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
109
Satlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940 Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
110
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
111
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)
112
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
113
Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
114
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
115
Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
116
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
117
INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
118
Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
119
Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
120
Université PSL, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, LERMA, 75014 Paris, France
121
Université Paris-Cité, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013 Paris, France
122
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via Emilio Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy
123
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
124
ICL, Junia, Université Catholique de Lille, LITL, 59000 Lille, France
125
ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy
126
Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
127
CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
128
Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
129
Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
130
Laboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France
131
Departamento de Física Fundamental, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
132
Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France
133
Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
134
Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
135
Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Boltzmannstr. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
136
California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
137
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
138
Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, Italy
139
INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100 Lecce, Italy
140
INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
141
Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
142
Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Edificio Juan Jordá, Avenida de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain
143
CEA Saclay, DFR/IRFU, Service d’Astrophysique, Bat. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
144
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
145
Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400 Espoo FI-00 076, Finland
146
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, c/Via Lactea s/n, La Laguna 38200, Spain. Departamento de Astrofísica de la Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Francisco Sanchez, La Laguna 38200, Spain
147
Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
148
Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB), German Centre for Cosmological Lensing (GCCL), 44780 Bochum, Germany
149
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
150
Serco for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
151
ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia
152
Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
153
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
154
DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
155
Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
156
Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
157
IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
158
Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
159
Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
160
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
161
Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
162
Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
163
HE Space for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
164
Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
165
Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
166
Theoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 37 Uppsala, Sweden
167
Mathematical Institute, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
168
School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
169
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
170
Space physics and astronomy research unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
171
Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010 New York, NY, USA
172
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
★ Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Received:
18
March
2025
Accepted:
31
July
2025
Abstract
To better understand the role of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in galaxy evolution, it is crucial to work with a complete and pure AGN sample. X-ray surveys are key to doing so, but their larger positional uncertainties complicate counterpart (CTP) association, further compounded by the limited availability of deep, uniform multi-wavelength ancillary data. Euclid is revolutionising this identification effort, offering extensive coverage of nearly the entire extragalactic sky, particularly in the near-infrared bands, where AGN are more easily detected. Using the first Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1), we validated the methods for identifying and classifying Euclid CTPs of known point-like sources from major X-ray surveys, including XMM-Newton, Chandra, and eROSITA. Using Bayesian statistics, combined with machine learning (ML), as incorporated in the algorithm NWAY, we identified the CTPs of 11 286 X-ray sources from the three X-ray telescopes. For the large majority of 10 194 sources, the association is unique, with the remaining ∼10% of multi-CTP cases equally split between XMM-Newton and eROSITA. Six percent of the Euclid CTPs are detected in more than one X-ray survey. We then used ML to distinguish between Galactic (8%) and extragalactic (92%) sources. We computed photo-zs using deep learning for the 9259 sources detected in the tenth data release of the DESI Legacy Survey, reaching an accuracy and a fraction of outliers of roughly 5%. Based on their X-ray luminosities, all CTPs identified as extragalactic are classified as AGN, most of which appear as type I AGN according to their hardness ratios. With this paper, we release our catalogue, which includes identifiers, basic X-ray properties, the reliability of the associations, and additional property extensions, such as Galactic- or extragalactic classifications and photometric/spectroscopic redshifts. We also provide probabilities for sub-selecting the sample based on purity and completeness, in order to allow users to tailor the sample according to their specific needs.
Key words: methods: data analysis / catalogs / galaxies: active / galaxies: evolution / galaxies: photometry / X-rays: galaxies
© The Authors 2026
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This article is published in open access under the Subscribe to Open model.
Open access funding provided by Max Planck Society.
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