Letter to the Editor

Forecasting the occupancy of satellite megaconstellations in SKA observations

¹ Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
² Square Kilometre Array Observatory, Lower Withington, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9FT, UK

^★ Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Received: 28 November 2025
Accepted: 20 April 2026

Abstract

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is expected to start science operations in 2030 and by that time there could be up to 10⁵ artificial satellites in Earth’s orbit, comprising an increase of an order of magnitude compared to 2024. Most of these new satellites will belong to satellite megaconstellations aimed at providing communication services all over Earth. These satellites create radio frequency interference (RFI) that can impact the observations of modern radio telescopes. In this Letter, we forecast the amount of observing time for which the SKA interferometers will be exposed to satellites, risking RFI contamination. We employed an analytical model and considered two cases of exposure to satellites; (1) satellites that only lie in the main beam and (2) satellites that lie in the main beam or the first sidelobe. We show that for SKA-Low, the exposure is high, with satellites in the beam for 30% of the observation time across half of the frequency range, rising up to 100% below 100 MHz. For SKA-Mid, high frequencies are mostly spared, but observations below 1 GHz could also end up seeing satellites for at least 30% of the time. We conclude that satellites will be unavoidable during SKA observing conditions, risking a strong impact on the RFI environment. This will necessitate a concerted effort to obtain accurate measurements of satellite RFI and to improve our understanding of the impact on various science cases. Finally, new mitigation techniques that are less data-destructive than simple flagging must be introduced.