Issue |
A&A
Volume 699, July 2025
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A1 | |
Number of page(s) | 21 | |
Section | Cosmology (including clusters of galaxies) | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453483 | |
Published online | 25 June 2025 |
The eventful life journey of galaxy clusters
I. Impact of dark matter halo and intracluster medium properties on their full assembly histories
1
Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, (València), Spain
2
Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, (València), Spain
⋆ Corresponding author: david.valles-perez@uv.es
Received:
17
December
2024
Accepted:
5
May
2025
Context. Galaxy clusters assemble over gigayears in a very anisotropic environment, leading to a remarkable diversity in their mass assembly histories (MAHs).
Aims. In this work, we aim to understand how the present-day properties of the dark matter (DM) halo and the intracluster medium (ICM) are related to the whole evolution of these structures.
Methods. To this end, we analysed a ΛCDM hydrodynamical + N-Body simulation of a (100 h−1 Mpc)3 volume, containing over 30 clusters and 300 groups. We looked at the individual and the stacked MAHs (determined from complete merger trees) in relation to the properties of the DM halos and the ICM at a fixed cosmic time (i.e. indicators of assembly state).
Results. The ensemble MAHs are well separated when stacked in bins of these indicators, yielding clear dependencies of the evolutionary properties (e.g. formation redshift) on the fixed-time halo properties. Additionally, we find that different indicators offer a varying range of information on distinct epochs of accretion. Finally, by summarising the complex MAH diversity with two parameters, we have described how different indicators bring in complementary information in different directions of this biparametric space. Overall, the halo spin and a combined indicator appear to be the ones encoding the most information about the MAH.
Conclusions. The results shown here add up to the idea that the dynamical state of cosmic structures is a multifaceted concept, with a warning that single indicators are incapable of capturing the whole complexity of the process. This work sheds light on the nature of this characterisation by untangling precisely when and how a number of these indicators provide information about. In turn, these results offer clues that can help to better constrain the MAH of observed structures.
Key words: methods: numerical / methods: statistical / galaxies: clusters: general / galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium / galaxies: groups: general / large-scale structure of Universe
© The Authors 2025
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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