| Issue |
A&A
Volume 698, May 2025
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Article Number | A237 | |
| Number of page(s) | 17 | |
| Section | Cosmology (including clusters of galaxies) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452568 | |
| Published online | 18 June 2025 | |
Differences in baryonic and dark matter scaling relations of galaxy clusters: A comparison between IllustrisTNG simulations and observations
1
Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile
2
Departmento de Física, Universidad Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile
3
Millennium Nucleus for Galaxies (MINGAL), Chile
4
Instituto de Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
5
Centro de Astro-Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
6
Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
⋆ Corresponding author: dmillerquintana@gmail.com, daniel.miller.q@mail.pucv.cl
Received:
10
October
2024
Accepted:
17
April
2025
We compare the self-similar baryonic mass fraction scaling relations between galaxy clusters from the South Pole Telescope Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SPT-SZ) survey and the IllustrisTNG state-of-the-art magnetohydrodynamical cosmological simulations. Using samples of 218 (TNG100) and 1605 (TNG300) friends-of-friends (FoF) haloes within 0.0≤z≤1.5 and M200c≥7×1013 M⊙, we fit the scaling relations using Simple Power Law (SPL), Broken Power Law (BPL), and General Double Power Law (GDPL) models through non-linear least squares regression. The SPL model reveals null slopes for the baryonic fraction as a function of redshift, consistent with self-similarity. Observations and simulations agree within 1−2σ, suggesting comparable baryonic scaling slopes. We identify ∼13.8−14.1 per cent of baryons as “missing”, primarily in the form of intracluster light (ICL) across all halo masses and warm gas in low-mass haloes. High-mass haloes (log10(M500c/M⊙)≥14) adhere to self-similarity, while low-mass haloes exhibit deviations, with the breakpoint occurring at log10(M500c/M⊙)∼14, where baryons are redistributed to the outskirts. Our findings suggest that the undetected warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) and baryon redistribution by feedback mechanisms are complementary solutions to the “missing baryon” problem.
Key words: methods: numerical / galaxies: clusters: general / galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium / cosmology: theory / dark matter / large-scale structure of Universe
© The Authors 2025
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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