CANUCS: Constraining the MACS J0416.1-2403 strong lensing model with JWST NIRISS, NIRSpec, and NIRCam

¹ Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Jadranska ulica 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
² Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
³ Department of Astronomy & Physics and Institute for Computational Astrophysics, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3 Canada
⁴ Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218 USA
⁵ David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H4 Canada
⁶ Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H4 Canada
⁷ Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
⁸ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark
⁹ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
¹⁰ Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, 550 West 120th Street, New York, NY, 10027 USA
¹¹ Whitin Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA, 02481 USA
¹² Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, 4700 Keele St. Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada
¹³ National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Astronomy & Astrophysics Research Centre, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, BC, V9E 2E7 Canada

^⋆ Corresponding author; gregor.rihtarsic@fmf.uni-lj.si

Received: 14 June 2024
Accepted: 23 January 2025

Abstract

Context. Strong gravitational lensing in galaxy clusters has become an essential tool in astrophysics, as it allows one to directly probe the dark matter distribution and study magnified background sources. The precision and reliability of strong lensing models rely heavily on the number and quality of multiple images of background sources with spectroscopic redshifts.

Aims. We present an updated strong lensing model of the galaxy cluster MACS J0416.1-2403 with the largest sample of multiple images with spectroscopic redshifts in a galaxy cluster field to date. Furthermore, we aim to demonstrate the effectiveness of JWST, particularly its NIRISS camera, for strong lensing studies.

Methods. We used JWST’s NIRCam imaging and NIRSpec and NIRISS spectroscopy from the CAnadian NIRISS Unbiased Cluster Survey (CANUCS). The cluster mass model was constrained using Lenstool software.

Results. Our new dataset, which we used for constraining the lens model, comprises 303 secure multiple images with spectroscopic redshifts from 111 background sources and includes 95 systems with previously known MUSE redshift and 16 systems (with 46 multiple images) for which we obtained spectroscopic redshift for the first time using NIRISS and NIRSpec spectroscopy. Three of the spectroscopic systems were not identified by previous JWST studies. The total number of secure spectroscopic systems is more than 20% higher than in the previous strong lensing studies of this cluster. The derived strong lensing model can reproduce multiple images with the root-mean-square distance of ∼0″​​_.52. We also provide a full catalogue with 415 multiple images, including less reliable candidates. In total, we provide 15 new multiple-image system candidates (with 38 multiple images) not reported in previous studies. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effectiveness of JWST, particularly NIRISS, for obtaining spectroscopic redshifts of multiple images. As NIRISS F115W, F150W, and F200W grism spectroscopy captures at least two of the [O II] λ3727, [O III] λλ4959, 5007, and H_α lines at 1 ≲ z ≲ 3 (a redshift range particularly relevant for strong lensing studies) without target pre-selection, it complements MUSE and NIRSpec observations extremely well.