Substellar candidates at the earliest stages: The SUCANES database

¹ ISDEFE Beatriz de Bobadilla 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
² Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, ESAC Campus, Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
³ European Space Agency, ESAC, Camino Bajo del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
⁴ Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Ex-Hda. San José de la Huerta, 58089 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
⁵ European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Casilla 19, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
⁶ Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (ICE-CSIC), Campus UAB, Can Magrans S/N, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
⁷ European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
⁸ Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France

^★ Corresponding author; amperez@isdefe.es

Received: 28 June 2024
Accepted: 19 December 2024

Abstract

Context. Brown dwarfs are the bridge between low-mass stars and giant planets. One way of shedding light on their dominant formation mechanism is to study them at the earliest stages of their evolution, when they are deeply embedded in their parental clouds. Several works have identified pre- and proto-brown dwarf candidates using different observational approaches.

Aims. The aim of this work is to create a database of all the objects classified as very young substellar candidates in the literature in order to study them homogeneously.

Methods. We gathered all the information about very young substellar candidates available in the literature until 2020. We retrieved their published photometry from the optical to the centimetre regime, and we wrote our own codes to derive their bolometric temperatures and luminosities, and their internal luminosities. We also populated the database with other parameters extracted from the literature, such as the envelope masses, their detection in some molecular species, and the presence of outflows.

Results. The result of our search is the SUbstellar CANdidates at the Earliest Stages (SUCANES) database, containing 174 objects classified as potential very young substellar candidates in the literature. We present an analysis of the main properties of the retrieved objects. Since we updated the distances to several star forming regions, we were able to reject some candidates based on their internal luminosities. We also discuss the derived physical parameters and envelope masses for the best substellar candidates isolated in SUCANES. As an example of a scientific exploitation of this database, we present a feasibility study for the detection of radio jets with upcoming facilities: the next generation Very Large Array and the Square Kilometer Array interferometers. The SUCANES database is accessible through a graphical user interface, and it is open to any potential user.