Issue |
A&A
Volume 694, February 2025
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A116 | |
Number of page(s) | 15 | |
Section | Planets, planetary systems, and small bodies | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451767 | |
Published online | 07 February 2025 |
Euclid: Detecting Solar System objects in Euclid images and classifying them using Kohonen self-organising maps★
1
Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento,
Via per Arnesano, CP-I93,
73100
Lecce,
Italy
2
INFN, Sezione di Lecce,
Via per Arnesano, CP-193,
73100
Lecce,
Italy
3
INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica,
Via per Arnesano,
73100
Lecce,
Italy
4
European Space Agency/ESRIN,
Largo Galileo Galilei 1,
00044
Frascati, Roma,
Italy
5
ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo,
s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo,
28692
Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid,
Spain
6
Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny,
1290
Versoix,
Switzerland
7
Department of Physics,
PO Box 64,
00014
University of Helsinki,
Finland
8
Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange,
Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229,
06304
Nice cedex 4,
France
9
Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology,
Hawthorn, Victoria
3122,
Australia
10
ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics,
Melbourne,
Australia
11
W.M. Keck Observatory,
65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy,
Kamuela,
HI,
USA
12
HE Space for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid,
Spain
13
Asteroid Engineering Laboratory, Luleå University of Technology,
Box 848,
98128
Kiruna,
Sweden
14
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma,
Via Frascati 33,
00078
Monteporzio Catone,
Italy
15
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale,
91405,
Orsay,
France
16
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera,
Via Brera 28,
20122
Milano,
Italy
17
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna,
Via Piero Gobetti 93/3,
40129
Bologna,
Italy
18
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna,
Via Gobetti 93/2,
40129
Bologna,
Italy
19
INFN-Sezione di Bologna,
Viale Berti Pichat 6/2,
40127
Bologna,
Italy
20
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova,
Via Dodecaneso 33,
16146
Genova,
Italy
21
INFN-Sezione di Genova,
Via Dodecaneso 33,
16146,
Genova,
Italy
22
Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II,
Via Cinthia 6,
80126,
Napoli,
Italy
23
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte,
Via Moiariello 16,
80131
Napoli,
Italy
24
INFN section of Naples,
Via Cinthia 6,
80126
Napoli,
Italy
25
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas,
4150-762
Porto,
Portugal
26
Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre,
4150-007
Porto,
Portugal
27
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino,
Via P. Giuria 1,
10125
Torino,
Italy
28
INFN – Sezione di Torino,
Via P. Giuria 1,
10125
Torino,
Italy
29
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino,
Via Osservatorio 20,
10025
Pino Torinese (TO),
Italy
30
INAF – IASF Milano,
Via Alfonso Corti 12,
20133
Milano,
Italy
31
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT),
Avenida Complutense 40,
28040
Madrid,
Spain
32
Port d’Informació Científica,
Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n,
08193
Bellaterra (Barcelona),
Spain
33
Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University,
52056
Aachen,
Germany
34
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna,
Viale Berti Pichat 6/2,
40127
Bologna,
Italy
35
Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory,
Blackford Hill,
Edinburgh
EH9 3HJ,
UK
36
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester,
Oxford Road,
Manchester
M13 9PL,
UK
37
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822,
Villeurbanne
69100,
France
38
UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon,
4 rue Enrico Fermi,
69622
Villeurbanne,
France
39
Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa,
Edifício C8, Campo Grande,
1749-016
Lisboa,
Portugal
40
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa,
Campo Grande,
1749-016
Lisboa,
Portugal
41
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva,
ch. d’Ecogia 16,
1290
Versoix,
Switzerland
42
INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali,
via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100,
00100
Roma,
Italy
43
INFN – Padova,
Via Marzolo 8,
35131
Padova,
Italy
44
Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM,
91191
Gif-sur-Yvette,
France
45
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste,
Via G. B. Tiepolo 11,
34143
Trieste,
Italy
46
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna,
Via Irnerio 46,
40126
Bologna,
Italy
47
FRACTAL S.L.N.E.,
calle Tulipán 2, Portal 13 1A,
28231,
Las Rozas de Madrid,
Spain
48
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova,
Via dell’Osservatorio 5,
35122
Padova,
Italy
49
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics,
Giessenbachstr. 1,
85748
Garching,
Germany
50
Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München,
Scheinerstrasse 1,
81679
München,
Germany
51
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo,
PO Box 1029
Blindern, 0315
Oslo,
Norway
52
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
4800 Oak Grove Drive,
Pasadena,
CA
91109,
USA
53
Felix Hormuth Engineering,
Goethestr. 17,
69181
Leimen,
Germany
54
Technical University of Denmark,
Elektrovej 327,
2800 Kgs.
Lyngby,
Denmark
55
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN),
Denmark
56
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université,
98 bis boulevard Arago,
75014
Paris,
France
57
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie,
Königstuhl 17,
69117
Heidelberg,
Germany
58
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt,
MD
20771,
USA
59
Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics,
Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki,
Finland
60
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM,
Marseille,
France
61
Helsinki Institute of Physics,
Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki,
Helsinki,
Finland
62
European Space Agency/ESTEC,
Keplerlaan 1,
2201 AZ
Noordwijk,
The Netherlands
63
NOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON,
Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4,
7991PD,
Dwingeloo,
The Netherlands
64
Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie,
Auf dem Hügel 71,
53121
Bonn,
Germany
65
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM,
Marseille,
France
66
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna,
via Piero Gobetti 93/2,
40129
Bologna,
Italy
67
Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University,
South Road,
Durham
DH1 3LE,
UK
68
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena,
CA
91125,
USA
69
Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie,
75013
Paris,
France
70
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris,
98bis Boulevard Arago,
75014
Paris,
France
71
Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology,
Campus UAB,
08193
Bellaterra (Barcelona),
Spain
72
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus,
Ny Munkegade 120,
8000
Aarhus C,
Denmark
73
Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency,
via del Politecnico snc,
00133
Roma,
Italy
74
Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse,
18 avenue Edouard Belin,
31401
Toulouse Cedex 9,
France
75
Institute of Space Science,
Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele,
Ilfov
077125,
Romania
76
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias,
Calle Vía Láctea s/n,
38204
San Cristóbal de La Laguna,
Tenerife,
Spain
77
Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna,
38206
La Laguna,
Tenerife,
Spain
78
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova,
Via Marzolo 8,
35131
Padova,
Italy
79
Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile,
Blanco Encalada 2008,
Santiago,
Chile
80
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC,
08860
Castelldefels, Barcelona,
Spain
81
Satlantis, University Science Park,
Sede Bld 48940,
Leioa-Bilbao,
Spain
82
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC),
Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n,
08193
Barcelona,
Spain
83
Centre for Electronic Imaging, Open University,
Walton Hall,
Milton Keynes
MK7 6AA,
UK
84
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa,
Tapada da Ajuda,
1349-018
Lisboa,
Portugal
85
Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras,
Plaza del Hospital 1,
30202
Cartagena,
Spain
86
Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES,
14 Av. Edouard Belin,
31400
Toulouse,
France
87
INFN – Bologna,
Via Irnerio 46,
40126
Bologna,
Italy
88
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen,
PO Box 800,
9700 AV
Groningen,
The Netherlands
89
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Genova, and INFN‐Sezione di Genova,
via Dodecaneso 33,
16146
Genova,
Italy
90
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe,
via Beirut 2,
34151
Trieste,
Italy
91
INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia,
Via Piero Gobetti 101,
40129
Bologna,
Italy
92
ICL, Junia, Université Catholique de Lille, LITL,
59000
Lille,
France
★★ Corresponding author; nucita@le.infn.it
Received:
2
August
2024
Accepted:
19
December
2024
The ESA Euclid mission will survey more than 14 000 deg2 of the sky in visible and near-infrared wavelengths, mapping the extragalactic sky to constrain our cosmological model of the Universe. Although the survey focusses on regions further than 15° from the ecliptic, it should allow for the detection of more than about 105 Solar System objects (SSOs). After simulating the expected signal from SSOs in Euclid images acquired with the visible camera (VIS), we describe an automated pipeline developed to detect moving objects with an apparent velocity in the range of 0.1–10″ h−1, typically corresponding to sources in the outer Solar System (from Centaurs to Kuiper-belt objects). In particular, the proposed detection scheme is based on SExtractor software and on applying a new algorithm capable of associating moving objects amongst different catalogues. After applying a suite of filters to improve the detection quality, we study the expected purity and completeness of the SSO detections. We also show how a Kohonen self-organising neural network can be successfully trained (in an unsupervised fashion) to classify stars, galaxies, and SSOs. By implementing an early-stopping method in the training scheme, we show that the network can be used in a predictive way, allowing one to assign the probability of each detected object being a member of each considered class.
Key words: methods: data analysis / methods: numerical / comets: general / Kuiper belt: general / minor planets, asteroids: general / Oort Cloud
© The Authors 2025
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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