Issue |
A&A
Volume 692, December 2024
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|
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Article Number | A205 | |
Number of page(s) | 15 | |
Section | Extragalactic astronomy | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450898 | |
Published online | 17 December 2024 |
The putative center in NGC 1052
1
Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
2
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
3
Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 31, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
4
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
5
Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
6
Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
7
Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Yale University, 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
8
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
9
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
10
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
11
Data Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
12
Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
13
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, PO Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
14
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
15
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
16
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
17
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
18
Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
19
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
20
Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C Concepción, Chile
21
Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
22
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, PO Box 500 Batavia, IL 60510, USA
23
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
24
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
25
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
26
California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
27
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
28
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2505 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
29
Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
30
Trottier Space Institute at McGill, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada
31
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
32
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
33
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
34
Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
35
Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
36
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
37
University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
38
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
39
Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
40
Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
41
Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden
42
Princeton Gravity Initiative, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
43
Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
44
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
45
Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A20 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, PR China
46
Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
47
Physics Department, Fairfield University, 1073 North Benson Road, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA
48
Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
49
Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo Postal 70-264, Ciudad de México, Mexico
50
Research Center for Astronomical Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, PR China
51
Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shengrong Road 520, Shanghai 201210, PR China
52
Department of Astronomy and Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, 500 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
53
Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA
54
Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
55
INFN Sez. di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
56
Wits Centre for Astrophysics, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
57
Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
58
Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
59
ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
60
LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France
61
JILA and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
62
National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, PR China
63
Las Cumbres Observatory, 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA
64
Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
65
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, USA
66
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32-D476, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
67
Google Research, 355 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
68
Department of History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
69
Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
70
NCSA, University of Illinois, 1205 W. Clark St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
71
Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, R. do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
72
Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Cagliari, SP Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
73
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Via della Scienza 5, I-09047 Selargius (CA), Italy
74
INFN, sezione di Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, (CA), Italy
75
CP3-Origins, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
76
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla Pue., Mexico
77
Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940 Ciudad de México, Mexico
78
Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, PR China
79
Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Yamanohata 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8501 Aichi, Japan
80
Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka-cho, Mizusawa, Oshu, 023-0861 Iwate, Japan
81
Trottier Space Institute at McGill, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada
82
NOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
83
Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
84
Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
85
Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
86
Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
87
Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
88
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
89
ASTRAVEO LLC, PO Box 1668 Gloucester, MA 01931, USA
90
Applied Materials Inc., 35 Dory Road, Gloucester, MA 01930, USA
91
Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
92
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
93
Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
94
Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
95
Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
96
Kogakuin University of Technology & Engineering, Academic Support Center, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
97
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
98
Physics Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaosiung City 80424, Taiwan, ROC
99
National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 950 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
100
Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong
101
School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
102
Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
103
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
104
Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla, 4059 Valparaíso, Chile
105
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia & Italian ALMA Regional Centre, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
106
Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
107
Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58089, Mexico
108
Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
109
Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
110
Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, PR China
111
Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, PR China
112
Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
113
Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam (GRAPPA) Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
114
Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
115
Science Support Office, Directorate of Science, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
116
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
117
School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
118
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012 Granada, Spain
119
National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College, 16-1 Uwanotai, Tamonoki, Hachinohe City, Aomori 039-1192, Japan
120
Research Center for Astronomy, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, 115 27 Athens, Greece
121
Department of Physics, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
122
Physics Department, Washington University, CB 1105, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
123
Departamento de Matemática da Universidade de Aveiro and Centre for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications (CIDMA), Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
124
School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State St NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
125
School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University, 1732, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
126
Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
127
Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada
128
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 180 Dundas St West, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada
129
Radio Astronomy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
130
Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Voutes, 7110 Heraklion, Greece
131
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
132
INFN Sez. di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
133
Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Tingzhou Rd., Taipei 116, Taiwan, ROC
134
Center of Astronomy and Gravitation, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Tingzhou Road, Taipei 116, Taiwan, ROC
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Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
136
Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
137
Gemini Observatory/NSF’s NOIRLab, 670 N. A’ohōkū
Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
138
Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada
139
Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
140
Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
141
Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
142
Physics & Astronomy Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1827, USA
143
Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
144
National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
145
College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
146
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
147
Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Postbus 93138, 2509 AC Den Haag, The Netherlands
148
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
149
University of New Mexico, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
150
Physics Department, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
151
Tuorla Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 TURUN YLIOPISTO, Finland
152
Radboud Excellence Fellow of Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
153
School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
154
School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
155
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
156
Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
157
Astronomy Department, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
158
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
⋆ Corresponding author; anne-kathrin.baczko@chalmers.se
Received:
28
May
2024
Accepted:
24
September
2024
Context. Many active galaxies harbor powerful relativistic jets, however, the detailed mechanisms of their formation and acceleration remain poorly understood.
Aims. To investigate the area of jet acceleration and collimation with the highest available angular resolution, we study the innermost region of the bipolar jet in the nearby low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) galaxy NGC 1052.
Methods. We combined observations of NGC 1052 taken with VLBA, GMVA, and EHT over one week in the spring of 2017. Our study is focused on the size and continuum spectrum of the innermost region containing the central engine and the footpoints of both jets. We employed a synchrotron-self absorption model to fit the continuum radio spectrum and we combined the size measurements from close to the central engine out to ∼1 pc to study the jet collimation.
Results. For the first time, NGC 1052 was detected with the EHT, providing a size of the central region in-between both jet bases of 43 μas perpendicular to the jet axes, corresponding to just around 250 RS (Schwarzschild radii). This size estimate supports previous studies of the jets expansion profile which suggest two breaks of the profile at around 3 × 103 RS and 1 × 104 RS distances to the core. Furthermore, we estimated the magnetic field to be 1.25 Gauss at a distance of 22 μas from the central engine by fitting a synchrotron-self absorption spectrum to the innermost emission feature, which shows a spectral turn-over at ∼130 GHz. Assuming a purely poloidal magnetic field, this implies an upper limit on the magnetic field strength at the event horizon of 2.6 × 104 Gauss, which is consistent with previous measurements.
Conclusions. The complex, low-brightness, double-sided jet structure in NGC 1052 makes it a challenge to detect the source at millimeter (mm) wavelengths. However, our first EHT observations have demonstrated that detection is possible up to at least 230 GHz. This study offers a glimpse through the dense surrounding torus and into the innermost central region, where the jets are formed. This has enabled us to finally resolve this region and provide improved constraints on its expansion and magnetic field strength.
Key words: methods: observational / techniques: high angular resolution / techniques: interferometric / galaxies: active / galaxies: jets / galaxies: Seyfert
© The Authors 2024
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