Issue |
A&A
Volume 691, November 2024
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|
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Article Number | A1 | |
Number of page(s) | 24 | |
Section | Extragalactic astronomy | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450446 | |
Published online | 25 October 2024 |
Euclid preparation
XLIX. Selecting active galactic nuclei using observed colours
1
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
2
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
3
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
4
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
5
School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
6
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
7
School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
8
Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, Portugal
9
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal
10
INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
11
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
12
DTx – Digital Transformation CoLAB, Building 1, Azurém Campus, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
13
Department of Mathematics and Physics, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy
14
Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road DH1 3LE, UK
15
INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
16
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
17
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
18
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
19
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
20
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy
21
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
22
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
23
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6 et CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
24
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
25
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
26
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
27
INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
28
Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
29
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy
30
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
31
INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
32
Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
33
Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
34
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
35
INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
36
INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
37
Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
38
Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
39
Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
40
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
41
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
42
INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
43
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
44
Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
45
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
46
European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
47
ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
48
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
49
Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
50
UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
51
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
52
Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
53
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
54
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
55
Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
56
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
57
Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
58
INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
59
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
60
Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
61
von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH, Schlossplatz 8, 68723 Schwetzingen, Germany
62
Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
63
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark
64
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
65
Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
66
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
67
AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
68
Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
69
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64 00014 Helsinki, Finland
70
Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, Helsinki, Finland
71
NOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
72
Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
73
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
74
Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road DH1 3LE, UK
75
Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
76
Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France
77
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
78
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
79
European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
80
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
81
Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
82
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
83
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
84
Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
85
Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
86
Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
87
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
88
Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
89
Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
90
Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
91
Satlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
92
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
93
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
94
Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
95
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
96
INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
97
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
98
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy
99
Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010 New York, NY, USA
100
School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
101
University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
102
Université St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
103
Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
104
Junia, EPA department, 41 Bd Vauban, 59800 Lille, France
105
Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
106
CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
107
SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy
108
INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy
109
Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
110
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
111
Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France
112
Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
113
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
114
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology (KIPAC), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
115
Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
116
Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
117
Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
118
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
119
Department of Astronomy & Physics and Institute for Computational Astrophysics, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada
120
Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
121
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Genova, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
122
Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400 Espoo FI-00 076, Finland
123
Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB), German Centre for Cosmological Lensing (GCCL), 44780 Bochum, Germany
124
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
125
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 Turku, Finland
126
Serco for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
127
ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia
128
Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
129
School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
130
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
131
Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
132
Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
133
Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
134
Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
135
INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy
136
Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
137
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
138
INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
139
Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov 077125, Romania
140
Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
141
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
142
Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
143
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
⋆ Corresponding author; laura.bisigello@inaf.it
Received:
19
April
2024
Accepted:
8
August
2024
The Euclid space mission will cover over 14 000 deg2 with two optical and near-infrared spectro-photometric instruments, and is expected to detect around ten million active galactic nuclei (AGN). This unique data set will make a considerable impact on our understanding of galaxy evolution in general, and AGN in particular. For this work we identified the best colour selection criteria for AGN, based only on Euclid photometry or including ancillary photometric observations, such as the data that will be available with the Rubin Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) and observations already available from Spitzer/IRAC. The analysis was performed for unobscured AGN, obscured AGN, and composite (AGN and star-forming) objects. We made use of the spectro-photometric realisations of infrared-selected targets at all-z (SPRITZ) to create mock catalogues mimicking both the Euclid Wide Survey (EWS) and the Euclid Deep Survey (EDS). Using these mock catalogues, we estimated the best colour selection, maximising the harmonic mean (F1) of: (a) completeness, that is, the fraction of AGN correctly selected with respect to the total AGN sample; and (b) purity, that is, the fraction of AGN inside the selection with respect to the selected sample. The selection of unobscured AGN in both Euclid surveys (Wide and Deep) is possible with Euclid photometry alone with F1 = 0.22–0.23 (Wide and Deep), which can increase to F1 = 0.43–0.38 (Wide and Deep) if we limit out study to objects at z > 0.7. Such a selection is improved once the Rubin/LSST filters, that is, a combination of the u, g, r, or z filters, are considered, reaching an F1 score of 0.84 and 0.86 for the EDS and EWS, respectively. The combination of a Euclid colour with the [3.6]−[4.5] colour, which is possible only in the EDS, results in an F1 score of 0.59, improving the results using only Euclid filters, but worse than the selection combining Euclid and LSST colours. The selection of composite (fAGN = 0.05–0.65 at 8–40 μm) and obscured AGN is challenging, with F1 ≤ 0.3 even when including Rubin/LSST or IRAC filters. This is unsurprising since it is driven by the similarities between the broad-band spectral energy distribution of these AGN and star-forming galaxies in the wavelength range 0.3–5 μm.
Key words: galaxies: active / galaxies: evolution / galaxies: photometry / galaxies: statistics
© The Authors 2024
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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