X-ray reverberation as an explanation for UV/optical variability in nearby Seyferts

¹ Department of Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
² Institute of Astrophysics, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece
³ Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
⁴ MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
⁵ Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Boční II 1401, CZ-14100 Prague, Czech Republic
⁶ IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 9 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁷ INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, I-50125 Firenze, Italy

^⋆ Corresponding author; mpapoutsis@physics.uoc.gr

Received: 14 November 2023
Accepted: 30 August 2024

Abstract

Context. Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are known to be variable across all wavelengths. Significant observational efforts have been invested in the last decade in studying their ultraviolet (UV) and optical variability. Long and densely sampled, multi-wavelength monitoring campaigns of numerous Seyfert galaxies have been conducted with the aim of determining the X-ray/UV/optical continuum time lags. Time-lag studies can be used to constrain theoretical models. The observed time lags can be explained by thermal reprocessing of the X-rays illuminating the accretion disc (known as the X-ray reverberation model). However, the observed light curves contain more information that can be used to further constrain physical models.

Aims. Our primary objective is to investigate whether, in addition to time lags, the X-ray reverberation model can also explain the UV/optical variability amplitude of nearby Seyferts.

Methods. We measured the excess variance of four sources (namely Mrk 509, NGC 4151, NGC 2617, and Mrk 142) as a function of wavelength using data from archival long, multi-wavelength campaigns with Swift, and ground-based telescopes. We also computed the model excess variance in the case of the X-ray reverberation model by determining the disc’s transfer function and assuming a bending power law for the X-ray power spectrum. We tested the validity of the model by comparing the measured and model variances for a range of accretion rates and X-ray source heights.

Results. Our main result is that the X-ray thermal reverberation model can fit both the continuum, UV/optical time lags, as well as the variance (i.e. the variability amplitude) in these AGNs, for the same physical parameters. Our results suggest that the accretion disc is constant and that all the observed UV/optical variations, on timescales of days and up to a few weeks, can be fully explained by the variable X-rays as they illuminate the accretion disc.