Issue |
A&A
Volume 689, September 2024
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A338 | |
Number of page(s) | 13 | |
Section | Planets and planetary systems | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451051 | |
Published online | 23 September 2024 |
Suppression of giant planet formation around low-mass stars in clustered environments
1
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University,
Einsteinweg 55,
2333 CC
Leiden,
The Netherlands
2
Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University,
100084
Beijing,
China
Received:
10
June
2024
Accepted:
1
August
2024
Context. Current exoplanet formation studies tend to overlook the birth environment of stars in clustered environments. However, the effects of this environment on the planet formation process are important, especially in the earliest stage.
Aims. We investigate the differences in planet populations forming in star-cluster environments through pebble accretion and compare these results with planet formation around isolated stars. We strive to provide potential signatures of the young planetary systems to guide future observations.
Methods. We present a new planet population synthesis code designed for clustered environments. This planet formation model is based on pebble accretion and includes migration in the circumstellar disk. The disk’s gas and dust have been evolved via 1D simulations, while considering the effects of photo-evaporation of the nearby stars.
Results. Planetary systems in a clustered environment are different than those born in isolation; the environmental effects are important for a wide range of observable parameters and the eventual architecture of the planetary systems. Planetary systems born in a clustered environment lack cold Jupiters, as compared to isolated planetary systems. This effect is more pronounced for low-mass stars (≲0.2 M⊙). On the other hand, planetary systems born in clusters show an excess of cold Neptune around these low-mass stars.
Conclusions. In future observations, finding an excess of cold Neptunes and a lack of cold Jupiters could be used to constrain the birth environments of these planetary systems. Exploring the dependence of cold Jupiter’s intrinsic occurrence rate on stellar mass offers insights into the birth environment of their proto-embryos.
Key words: planets and satellites: formation / planets and satellites: gaseous planets / planet-disk interactions
© The Authors 2024
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This article is published in open access under the Subscribe to Open model. Subscribe to A&A to support open access publication.
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.