Detection prospects of very and ultra high-energy gamma rays from extended sources with ASTRI, CTA, and LHAASO

¹ Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Fisica, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
² Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
³ Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy
⁴ Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, L.go E. Fermi 5, Firenze, Italy
⁵ Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France

Received: 1 March 2024
Accepted: 15 July 2024

Abstract

Context. The recent discovery of several ultra high-energy gamma-ray emitters in our Galaxy represents a significant advancement towards the characterisation of its most powerful accelerators. Nonetheless, in order to unambiguously locate the regions where the highest energy particles are produced and understand the responsible physical mechanisms, detailed spectral and morphological studies are required, especially given that most of the observed sources were found to be significantly extended.

Aims. In these regards, pointing observations with the next-generation Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes, such as the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) Observatory and the ASTRI Mini-Array (ASTRI), are expected to provide significant improvements. Here we aim to identify the most promising sources to target in future observations.

Methods. For this purpose, we performed a comparative analysis of the expected performance of ASTRI and CTA, computing their differential sensitivities towards extended sources, and further explored their capabilities with respect to specific case studies, including follow-ups of existing gamma-ray source catalogues.

Results. We find that almost all of the sources thus far detected by LHAASO-WCDA and in the H.E.S.S. Galactic Plane Survey will be in the reach of ASTRI and CTA with about 300 and 50 hours of exposure, respectively. For the highest energy emitters detected by LHAASO-KM2A, in turn, we provide a list of the most promising objects that would require further investigation. We additionally examined specific classes of sources in order to identify potentially detectable gamma-ray emitters, such as passive molecular clouds (i.e. illuminated by the cosmic-ray sea) and pulsars surrounded by a halo of runaway particles.