Cosmic Type Ia supernova rate and constraints on supernova Ia progenitors

¹ Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
² Dipartimento di Fisica, Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, I-34143 Trieste, Italy
³ I.N.A.F. Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
⁴ I.N.F.N. Sezione di Trieste, via Valerio 2, 34134 Trieste, Italy
⁵ INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Salita Moiariello 16, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
⁶ ICRANet, Piazza della Repubblica 10, I-65122 Pescara, Italy

Received: 26 February 2024
Accepted: 19 June 2024

Abstract

Context. Type Ia supernovae play a key role in the evolution of galaxies by polluting the interstellar medium with a fraction of iron peak elements larger than that released in the core-collapse supernova events. Their light curve, moreover, is widely used in cosmological studies as it constitutes a reliable distance indicator on extragalactic scales. Among the mechanisms proposed to explain the Type Ia supernovae (SNe), the single- and double-degenerate channels are thought to be the dominant ones, which implies a different distribution of time delays between the progenitor formation and the explosion.

Aims. In this paper, we aim to determine the dominant mechanism by comparing a compilation of Type Ia SN rates with those computed from various cosmic star-formation histories coupled with different delay-time distribution functions. We also evaluate the relative contributions of both channels.

Methods. By using a least-squares fitting procedure, we modeled the observations of Type Ia SN rates assuming different combinations of three recent cosmic star-formation rates and seven delay-time distributions. The goodness of these fits are statistically quantified by the χ² test.

Results. For two of the three cosmic star-formation rates, the single degenerate scenario provides the most accurate explanation for the observations, while a combination of 34% single-degenerate- and 66% double-degenerate delay-time distributions is more plausible for the remaining tested cosmic star-formation rates.

Conclusions. Though dependent on the assumed cosmic star-formation rate, we find arguments in favor of the single-degenerate model. From the theoretic point of view, at least ∼34% of the Type Ia SN must have been produced through the single-degenerate channel to account for the observations. The wide, double-degenerate mechanism slightly under-predicts the observations at redshift z ≳ 1, unless the cosmic SFR flattens in that regime. On the contrary, although the purely close double-degenerate scenario can be ruled out, we cannot rule out a mixed scenario with single- and double-degenerate progenitors.