Issue |
A&A
Volume 689, September 2024
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A276 | |
Number of page(s) | 33 | |
Section | Extragalactic astronomy | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449500 | |
Published online | 24 September 2024 |
Euclid preparation
XLV. Optical emission-line predictions of intermediate-z galaxy populations in GAEA for the Euclid Deep and Wide Surveys
1
Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Galaxy Evolution, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
2
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
3
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6 et CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
4
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy
5
Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
6
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
7
Tianjin Normal University, Binshuixidao 393, Tianjin 300387, China
8
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
9
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
10
School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
11
Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
12
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
13
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
14
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
15
Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
16
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy
17
ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
18
School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
19
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
20
INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
21
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy
22
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
23
INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
24
Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
25
INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
26
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
27
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
28
INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
29
INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
30
Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
31
Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
32
Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
33
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
34
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Carrer Gran Capitá 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
35
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio, Catone, Italy
36
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
37
Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
38
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
39
European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
40
University of Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
41
Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
42
UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
43
Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
44
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
45
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
46
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
47
INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
48
Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
49
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
50
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
51
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
52
University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
53
Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
54
INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
55
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
56
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
57
Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
58
von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH, SchloßPlatz 8, 68723 Schwetzingen, Germany
59
Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
60
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark
61
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
62
Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
63
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
64
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
65
Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
66
Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
67
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
68
Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
69
NOVA Optical Infrared Instrumentation Group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
70
Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
71
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
72
Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road DH1 3LE, UK
73
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
74
Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France
75
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
76
European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
77
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
78
Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
79
Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
80
Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
81
Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409, Măgurele, Ilfov 077125, Romania
82
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
83
Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
84
Satlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
85
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
86
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
87
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
88
Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
89
Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
90
INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
91
INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
92
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
93
Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS, 21 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
94
INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy
95
Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, Italy
96
INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
97
INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100 Lecce, Italy
98
Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
99
Université St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
100
Junia, EPA department, 41 Bd Vauban, 59800 Lille, France
101
SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, TS, Italy
102
INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy
103
ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy
104
Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
105
CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
106
Laboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France
107
Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
108
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
109
Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France
110
Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
111
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
112
Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
113
Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, PO Box 9506 Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
114
Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
115
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
116
Department of Astronomy & Physics and Institute for Computational Astrophysics, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada
117
Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
118
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
119
Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400 Espoo 00 076, Finland
120
Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB), German Centre for Cosmological Lensing (GCCL), 44780 Bochum, Germany
121
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, Finland
122
Serco for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
123
ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia
124
Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
125
W.M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, HI, USA
126
ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research, Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
127
Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
128
Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
129
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
130
Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
131
Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
132
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
133
INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
134
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
135
Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
136
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Genova, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
137
Theoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 515 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
138
Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
139
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
140
Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
141
Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010 New York, NY, USA
Received:
5
February
2024
Accepted:
4
June
2024
In anticipation of the upcoming Euclid Wide and Deep Surveys, we present optical emission-line predictions at intermediate redshifts from 0.4 to 2.5. Our approach combines a mock light cone from the GAEA semi-analytic model with advanced photoionisation models to construct emission-line catalogues. This has allowed us to self-consistently model nebular emission from H II regions around young stars, and, for the first time with a semi-analytic model, narrow-line regions of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and evolved stellar populations. GAEA, with a box size of 500 h−1 Mpc, marks the largest volume to which this set of models has been applied. We validated our methodology against observational and theoretical data at low redshift. Our analysis focusses on seven optical emission lines: Hα, Hβ, [S II]λλ6717, 6731, [N II]λ6584, [O I]λ6300, [O III]λ5007, and [O II]λλ3727, 3729. In assessing Euclid’s selection bias, we find that it predominantly observes line-emitting galaxies, which are massive (stellar mass ≳109 M⊙), star-forming (specific star formation rate > 10−10 yr−1), and metal-rich (oxygen-to-hydrogen abundance log10(O/H)+12 > 8). We provide Euclid-observable percentages of emission-line populations in our underlying GAEA sample with a mass resolution limit of 109 M⊙ and an H-band magnitude cut of 25. We compared results with and without an estimate of interstellar dust attenuation, which we modelled using a Calzetti law with a mass-dependent scaling. According to this estimate, the presence of dust may decrease observable percentages by a further 20–30% with respect to the overall population, which presents challenges for detecting intrinsically fainter lines. We predict Euclid to observe around 30–70% of Hα-, [N II]-, [S II]-, and [O III]-emitting galaxies at redshifts below one. At higher redshifts, these percentages decrease below 10%. Hβ, [O II], and [O I] emission are expected to appear relatively faint, thus limiting observability to 5% at the lower end of their detectable redshift range, and below 1% at the higher end. This is the case both for these lines individually and in combination with other lines. For galaxies with line emission above the flux threshold in the Euclid Deep Survey, we find that BPT diagrams can effectively distinguish between different galaxy types up to around redshift 1.8, attributed to the bias towards metal-rich systems. Moreover, we show that the relationships of Hα and [OIII]+Hβ to the star formation rate, as well as the [O III]–AGN luminosity relation, exhibit minimal, if any, changes with increasing redshift when compared to local calibrations. Based on the line ratios [N II]/Hα, [N II]/[O II], and [N II][S II], we further propose novel redshift-invariant tracers for the black hole accretion rate-to-star formation rate ratio. Lastly, we find that commonly used metallicity estimators display gradual shifts in normalisations with increasing redshift, while maintaining the overall shape of local calibrations. This is in tentative agreement with recent JWST data.
Key words: methods: numerical / galaxies: abundances / galaxies: active / galaxies: evolution / galaxies: general / galaxies: statistics
© The Authors 2024
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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