Euclid preparation

XLV. Optical emission-line predictions of intermediate-z galaxy populations in GAEA for the Euclid Deep and Wide Surveys

¹ Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Galaxy Evolution, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
² INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
³ Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6 et CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁴ IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy
⁵ Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
⁷ Tianjin Normal University, Binshuixidao 393, Tianjin 300387, China
⁸ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
⁹ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
¹⁰ School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
¹¹ Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
¹² INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
¹³ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹⁴ INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹⁵ Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
¹⁶ INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy
¹⁷ ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
¹⁸ School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
¹⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
²⁰ INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
²¹ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy
²² Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
²³ INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
²⁴ Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
²⁵ INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
²⁶ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
²⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
²⁸ INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
²⁹ INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
³⁰ Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
³¹ Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
³² Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
³³ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
³⁴ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Carrer Gran Capitá 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
³⁵ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio, Catone, Italy
³⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
³⁷ Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
³⁸ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
³⁹ European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
⁴⁰ University of Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁴¹ Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁴² UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁴³ Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁴⁴ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁴⁵ Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁴⁶ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
⁴⁷ INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁴⁸ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁴⁹ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁵⁰ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁵¹ Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
⁵² University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
⁵³ Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵⁴ INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵⁵ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁵⁶ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
⁵⁷ Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
⁵⁸ von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH, SchloßPlatz 8, 68723 Schwetzingen, Germany
⁵⁹ Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
⁶⁰ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark
⁶¹ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
⁶² Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
⁶³ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
⁶⁴ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
⁶⁵ Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
⁶⁶ Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
⁶⁷ Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
⁶⁸ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
⁶⁹ NOVA Optical Infrared Instrumentation Group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
⁷⁰ Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁷¹ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
⁷² Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road DH1 3LE, UK
⁷³ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁷⁴ Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France
⁷⁵ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁷⁶ European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁷⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
⁷⁸ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁷⁹ Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁸⁰ Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
⁸¹ Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409, Măgurele, Ilfov 077125, Romania
⁸² Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁸³ Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
⁸⁴ Satlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
⁸⁵ Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
⁸⁶ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁸⁷ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
⁸⁸ Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
⁸⁹ Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
⁹⁰ INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁹¹ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁹² Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁹³ Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS, 21 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
⁹⁴ INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁹⁵ Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, Italy
⁹⁶ INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
⁹⁷ INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100 Lecce, Italy
⁹⁸ Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
⁹⁹ Université St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
¹⁰⁰ Junia, EPA department, 41 Bd Vauban, 59800 Lille, France
¹⁰¹ SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, TS, Italy
¹⁰² INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy
¹⁰³ ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy
¹⁰⁴ Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
¹⁰⁵ CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
¹⁰⁶ Laboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France
¹⁰⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
¹⁰⁸ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
¹⁰⁹ Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France
¹¹⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
¹¹¹ NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
¹¹² Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
¹¹³ Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, PO Box 9506 Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
¹¹⁴ Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
¹¹⁵ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
¹¹⁶ Department of Astronomy & Physics and Institute for Computational Astrophysics, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada
¹¹⁷ Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
¹¹⁸ Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
¹¹⁹ Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400 Espoo 00 076, Finland
¹²⁰ Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB), German Centre for Cosmological Lensing (GCCL), 44780 Bochum, Germany
¹²¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, Finland
¹²² Serco for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
¹²³ ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia
¹²⁴ Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
¹²⁵ W.M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, HI, USA
¹²⁶ ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research, Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
¹²⁷ Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
¹²⁸ Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
¹²⁹ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
¹³⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
¹³¹ Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹³² Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
¹³³ INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
¹³⁴ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
¹³⁵ Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
¹³⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Genova, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
¹³⁷ Theoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 515 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
¹³⁸ Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
¹³⁹ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
¹⁴⁰ Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
¹⁴¹ Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010 New York, NY, USA

Received: 5 February 2024
Accepted: 4 June 2024

Abstract

In anticipation of the upcoming Euclid Wide and Deep Surveys, we present optical emission-line predictions at intermediate redshifts from 0.4 to 2.5. Our approach combines a mock light cone from the GAEA semi-analytic model with advanced photoionisation models to construct emission-line catalogues. This has allowed us to self-consistently model nebular emission from H II regions around young stars, and, for the first time with a semi-analytic model, narrow-line regions of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and evolved stellar populations. GAEA, with a box size of 500 h⁻¹ Mpc, marks the largest volume to which this set of models has been applied. We validated our methodology against observational and theoretical data at low redshift. Our analysis focusses on seven optical emission lines: Hα, Hβ, [S II]λλ6717, 6731, [N II]λ6584, [O I]λ6300, [O III]λ5007, and [O II]λλ3727, 3729. In assessing Euclid’s selection bias, we find that it predominantly observes line-emitting galaxies, which are massive (stellar mass ≳10⁹ M_⊙), star-forming (specific star formation rate > 10⁻¹⁰ yr⁻¹), and metal-rich (oxygen-to-hydrogen abundance log₁₀(O/H)+12 > 8). We provide Euclid-observable percentages of emission-line populations in our underlying GAEA sample with a mass resolution limit of 10⁹ M_⊙ and an H-band magnitude cut of 25. We compared results with and without an estimate of interstellar dust attenuation, which we modelled using a Calzetti law with a mass-dependent scaling. According to this estimate, the presence of dust may decrease observable percentages by a further 20–30% with respect to the overall population, which presents challenges for detecting intrinsically fainter lines. We predict Euclid to observe around 30–70% of Hα-, [N II]-, [S II]-, and [O III]-emitting galaxies at redshifts below one. At higher redshifts, these percentages decrease below 10%. Hβ, [O II], and [O I] emission are expected to appear relatively faint, thus limiting observability to 5% at the lower end of their detectable redshift range, and below 1% at the higher end. This is the case both for these lines individually and in combination with other lines. For galaxies with line emission above the flux threshold in the Euclid Deep Survey, we find that BPT diagrams can effectively distinguish between different galaxy types up to around redshift 1.8, attributed to the bias towards metal-rich systems. Moreover, we show that the relationships of Hα and [OIII]+Hβ to the star formation rate, as well as the [O III]–AGN luminosity relation, exhibit minimal, if any, changes with increasing redshift when compared to local calibrations. Based on the line ratios [N II]/Hα, [N II]/[O II], and [N II][S II], we further propose novel redshift-invariant tracers for the black hole accretion rate-to-star formation rate ratio. Lastly, we find that commonly used metallicity estimators display gradual shifts in normalisations with increasing redshift, while maintaining the overall shape of local calibrations. This is in tentative agreement with recent JWST data.