CONCERTO at APEX On-sky performance in continuum

¹ Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
e-mail: wenkai.hu@lam.fr
² Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukhwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa
³ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁴ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁵ Astronomy Instrumentation Group, University of Cardiff, The Parade, CF24 3AA, UK
⁶ Instituto de Estudios Astrofísicos, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Ejército 441, Santiago, Chile
⁷ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
⁸ Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France
⁹ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
¹⁰ European Southern Observatory, Karl Schwarzschild Straße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
¹¹ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38400 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France
¹² Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), Granada, Spain
¹³ LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
¹⁴ Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avda. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso, Chile

Received: 17 January 2024
Accepted: 20 June 2024

Abstract

Context. CarbON CII line in post-rEionisation and ReionisaTiOn epoch (CONCERTO) instrument is a low-resolution mapping spectrometer based on lumped element kinetic inductance detector (LEKIDs) technology, operating at 130-310 GHz. It was installed on the 12-metre APEX telescope in Chile in April 2021 and was in operation until May 2023. CONCERTO’s main goals were the observation of [CII]-emission line fluctuations at high redshift and of the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) signal from galaxy clusters.

Aims. We present the data processing algorithms and the performance of CONCERTO in continuum by analysing the data from the commissioning and scientific observations.

Methods. We developed a standard data processing pipeline to proceed from the raw data to continuum maps. Using a large dataset of calibrators (Uranus, Mars, and quasars) acquired in 2021 and 2022 at the APEX telescope across a wide range of atmospheric conditions, we measured the CONCERTO continuum performance and tested its stability against observing conditions. Further, using observations on the COSMOS field and observations targeting a distant sub-millimetre galaxy in the UDS field, we assessed the robustness of the CONCERTO performance on faint sources and compared our measurements with expectations.

Results. The beam pattern is characterised by an effective full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 31.9 ± 0.6″ and 34.4 ± 1.0″ for high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) bands, respectively. The main beam is slightly elongated with a mean eccentricity of 0.46. Two error beams of ~65″ and ~130″ are characterised, allowing us to estimate a main beam efficiency of ~0.52. The field of view is accurately reconstructed and presents coherent distortions between the HF and LF arrays. LEKID parameters were robustly determined for 80% of the read tones. Cross-talks between LEKIDs are the first cause of flagging, followed by an excess of eccentricity for ~10% of the LEKIDs, all located in a given region of the field of view. Of the 44 scans of Uranus selected for the absolute photometric calibration, 72.5% and 78.2% of the LEKIDs were selected as valid detectors with a probability >70%. By comparing the Uranus measurements with a model, we obtain calibration factors of 19.5±0.6 Hz Jy⁻¹ and 25.6±0.9 Hz Jy⁻¹ for HF and LF, respectively. The point-source continuum measurement uncertainties are 3.0% and 3.4% for the HF and LF bands, ignoring the uncertainty in the model (which is <2%). This demonstrates the accuracy of the methods we deployed to process the data. Finally, the RMS of CONCERTO maps is verified to evolve as proportional to the inverse square root of the integration time. The measured noise-equivalent flux densities (NEFDs) for HF and LF are 115±2 mJy beam⁻¹ s^1/2 and 95±1 mJy beam⁻¹ s^1/2, respectively, obtained using CONCERTO data on the COSMOS field for a mean precipitable water vapour (pwv) and elevation of 0.81 mm and 55.7 deg.

Conclusions. CONCERTO has unique capabilities in fast dual-band spectral mapping at ~30 arcsec resolution and with a ~18.5 arcmin instantaneous field of view. CONCERTO’s performance in continuum is perfectly in line with expectations.