Investigating the nuclear properties of highly accreting active galactic nuclei with XMM-Newton

¹ INFN – Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Roma, Italy
² Space Science Data Center, SSDC, ASI, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133 Roma, Italy
³ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, I-00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Roma, Italy
⁵ INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Caveliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁶ ESA European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ‘Augusto Righi’, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti, 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁸ INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti, 93/3, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini”, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 80126, Italy
¹⁰ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Naples, Italy
¹¹ INFN – Unità di Napoli, Via Cintia 9, 80126 Napoli, Italy

Received: 2 January 2024
Accepted: 10 July 2024

Abstract

Highly accreting active galactic nuclei (AGNs) have unique features that make them ideal laboratories for studying black hole accretion physics under extreme conditions. However, our understanding of the nuclear properties of these sources is hampered by the lack of a complete systematic investigation of this AGN class in terms of their main spectral and variability properties, and by the relative paucity of them in the local Universe, especially those powered by supermassive black holes with M_BH > 10⁸ M_⊙. To overcome this limitation, we present here the X-ray spectral analysis of a new, large sample of 61 highly accreting AGNs named as the XMM-Newton High-Eddington Serendipitous AGN Sample, or X-HESS, obtained by cross-correlating the 11th release of the XMM-Newton serendipitous catalogue and the catalogue of spectral properties of quasars from the SDSS DR14. The X-HESS AGNs are spread across wide intervals with a redshift of 0.06 < z < 3.3, a black hole mass of 6.8 < log(M_BH/M_⊙) < 9.8, a bolometric luminosity of 44.7 < log(L_bol/erg s⁻¹) < 48.3, and an Eddington ratio of −0.2 < log λ_Edd < 0.5, and more than one third of these AGNs can rely on multiple observations at different epochs, allowing us to complement their X-ray spectroscopic study with a variability analysis. We find a large scatter in the Γ − λ_Edd distribution of the highly accreting X-HESS AGNs, in agreement with previous findings. A significant correlation is only found by considering a sample of lower-λ_Edd AGNs with λ_Edd ≲ 0.3. We get hints that the Γ − λ_Edd relation appears to be more statistically sound for AGNs with lower M_BH and/or L_bol. We investigate the possibility of transforming the Γ − λ_Edd plane into a fully epoch-dependent frame by calculating the Eddington ratio from the simultaneous optical/UV data from the optical monitor, λ_Edd, O/UV. Interestingly, we recover a significant correlation with Γ and a spread roughly comparable to that obtained when L_bol is estimated from SDSS spectra. Finally, we also get a mild indication of a possible anti-correlation between Γ and the strength of the soft excess, providing hints that reflection from an ionised disc may be effective in at least a fraction of the X-HESS AGNs, though Comptonisation from hot and warm coronae cannot be ruled out as well.