The effect of the environment-dependent stellar initial mass function on the photometric properties of star-forming galaxies

¹ Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 14-16, 53115 Bonn, Germany
e-mail: mhaslbauer@astro.uni-bonn.de
² School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 PR China
e-mail: yan@nju.edu.cn
³ Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210093 PR China
⁴ European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
e-mail: tereza.jerabkova@eso.org
⁵ Astronomical Institute, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
⁶ Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), PO Box 11365-9161 Zanjan, Iran

Received: 10 September 2023
Accepted: 30 April 2024

Abstract

Context. Observational estimates of galaxy properties, including mass and star formation rates (SFRs), rely on the inherent galaxy-wide initial mass function (gwIMF), which systematically varies with the global SFR and metallicity, as proposed by the integrated-galactic IMF (IGIMF) theory and supported by empirical evidence.

Aims. We aim to evaluate the influence of the variable gwIMF on various galaxy properties, encompassing the Ks-, K_3.6-, and V-band stellar mass-to-light ratio, SFR–luminosity relation, gas depletion timescale, and stellar mass buildup timescale of local star-forming galaxies.

Methods. We incorporate PARSEC and COLIBRI stellar isochrones into the GalIMF code, a galaxy chemical evolution (GCE) model featuring real-time updates of environment-dependent gwIMFs. This newly developed photometric GalIMF (photGalIMF) code allows the calculation of photometric properties for galaxies with diverse stellar populations. Subsequently, we analyze observed luminosities and metallicities of local star-forming galaxies to deduce their stellar masses assuming empirically-motivated SFHs of Local Cosmological Volume galaxies. We also compute SFR–Hα luminosity relations for varying stellar metallicities using a separate stellar population synthesis code based on PÉGASE.

Results. Comparing the IGIMF theory to the canonical universal IMF, our analysis reveals that estimates of the stellar masses and SFRs for local star-forming galaxies differ by factors of approximately 2 and 10, respectively. This disparity yields a well-defined galaxy main sequence extending to dwarf galaxies. The computed gas-depletion timescale increases with gas mass, implying lower star formation efficiencies in more massive galaxies, possibly due to stronger feedback regulation, aligning with theoretical expectations. Additionally, the characteristic stellar mass buildup timescale increases with stellar mass, indicating that massive disk galaxies initiate star formation earlier than their low-mass counterparts.

Conclusions. The photGalIMF code enables self-consistent computations of galactic photometry with GCE modelling adopting an environment-dependent gwIMF. Utilizing K-band and Hα luminosities of galaxies, the outcomes include galaxy mass, SFR, and fitting functions for the SFR correction factor.