Resonant chains in triple-planet systems

¹ School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210046, PR China
e-mail: zhouly@nju.edu.cn
² Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics in Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, PR China
³ Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental (IATE), Observatorio Astronómico (OAC), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Laprida 854, Córdoba, Argentina

Received: 2 February 2024
Accepted: 8 May 2024

Abstract

Context. The mean motion resonance is the most important mechanism that may dominate the dynamics of a planetary system. In a multi-planetary system consisting of N ≥ 3 planets, the planets may form a resonant chain when the ratios of orbital periods of planets can be expressed as the ratios of small integers T₁: T₂: ⋯ : T_N = k₁: k₂: ⋯ : k_N. Due to the high degree of freedom, the motion in such systems could be complex and difficult to depict.

Aims. In this paper, we investigate the dynamics and possible formation of the resonant chain in a triple-planet system.

Methods. We defined the appropriate Hamiltonian for a three-planet resonant chain and numerically averaged it over the synodic period. The stable stationary solutions – apsidal corotational resonances (ACRs) – of this averaged system, corresponding to the local extrema of the Hamiltonian function, can be searched out numerically. The topology of the Hamiltonian around these ACRs reveals their stabilities. We further constructed the dynamical maps on different representative planes to study the dynamics around the stable ACRs, and we calculated the deviation (χ²) of the resonant angle in the evolution from the uniformly distributed values, by which we distinguished the behaviour of critical angles. Finally, the formation of the resonant chain via convergent planetary migration was simulated and the stable configurations associated with ACRs were verified.

Results. We find that the stable ACR families arising from circular orbits always exist for any resonant chain, and they may extend to a high eccentricity region. Around these ACR solutions, regular motion can be found, typically in two types of resonant configurations. One is characterised by libration of both the two-body resonant angles and the three-body Laplace resonant angle, and the other by libration of only two-body resonant angles. The three-body Laplace resonance does not seem to contribute to the stability of the resonant chain much. The resonant chain can be formed via convergent migration, and the resonant configuration evolves along the ACR families to eccentric orbits once the planets are captured into the chain. Ideally, our methods introduced in this paper can be applied to any resonant chain of any number of planets at any eccentricity.