STONKS: Quasi-real time XMM-Newton transient detection system^*

¹ IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 9 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
e-mail: erwan.quintin@irap.omp.eu
² Institute for Astronomy Astrophysics Space Applications and Remote Sensing (IAASARS), National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa & V. Pavlou, Penteli 15236, Greece
³ INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
⁴ Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy
⁵ Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France
⁶ Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik, An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
⁷ Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Universitat de Barcelona, c. Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain

Received: 19 October 2023
Accepted: 19 April 2024

Abstract

Context. Over recent decades, astronomy has entered the era of massive data and real-time surveys. This is improving the study of transient objects – although they still contain some of the most poorly understood phenomena in astrophysics, as it is inherently more difficult to obtain data to constrain the proposed models.

Aims. In order to help detect these objects in their brightest state and build synergies with multi-wavelength real-time surveys, we have built a quasi-real time automatic transient detection system for the XMM-Newton pipeline: the Search for Transient Objects in New detections using Known Sources (STONKS) pipeline.

Methods. STONKS detects long-term X-ray transient events by automatically comparing new XMM-Newton detections to any available archival X-ray data at this position, sending out an alert if the variability between observations (defined as the ratio between the maximum flux and the minimum flux or upper limit) is over 5. This required an initial careful cross-correlation and flux calibration of various X-ray catalogs from different observatories (XMM-Newton, Chandra, Swift, ROSAT, and eROSITA). A Bayesian framework was put into place to solve any ambiguous associations. We also systematically computed the XMM-Newton upper limits at the position of any X-ray source covered by the XMM-Newton observational footprint, even without any XMM-Newton counterpart. The behavior of STONKS was then tested on all 483 observations performed with imaging mode in 2021.

Results. Over the 2021 testing run, STONKS provided a daily alert rate of 0.7_−0.5^+0.7 alerts per day, about 80% of them corresponding to serendipitous sources. Among the detected variable serendipitous sources, there are: several highly variable active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and flaring stars, as well as new X-ray binary and ultra-luminous X-ray source candidates, some of which are present here. STONKS also detected targeted tidal disruption events, ensuring its ability to detect other serendipitous events. As a byproduct of our method, the archival multi-instrument catalog contains about one million X-ray sources, with 15% of them involving several catalogs and 60% of them having XMM-Newton (pointed or slew) upper limits.

Conclusions. STONKS demonstrates a great potential for revealing future serendipitous transient X-ray sources, providing the community with the ability to follow-up on these objects a few days after their detection with the goal of obtaining a better understanding of their nature. The underlying multi-instrument archival X-ray catalog will be made available to the community and kept up to date with future X-ray data releases.